For E m X 6.AlB ~ = (X ions/cm 3 -sec-atm) (1 atm) (35 eV/ion) m (1.17xl0-3 g/cm 3 ) ( -12 ) [ (X) (2. 99xl04) eV/g-sec] 1. Gxi\v ergs [ (X) (4. 79xl08 ) ergs/g-sec] [ 1 rem l ~100 ergs/g [ {X) (4. 79xlO-lO) rems/sec] 3. 156xl0 7 secs 1 year [(X) {l.5lxl02 ) rems/year] .5 rem/year, (. 5 ) ions/cm3-sec-atm {1.5lxl02 ) X 33.1 ions/cm 3 -sec-atm Using the highest curve on the graph, we need 4.5 meters of water as shielding area density, or 4500 kg/m 2 . However, as stated in Appendix VI.A.4, the situation in open space differs from that in the atmosphere because of reaction products {such as IT 0 's and muons), which do not have time to decay in the colony's shielding. This analysis also assumes that all substances have the same stopping power per unit mass, regardless of denqity. To account for these inaccuracies, we increase our estimate by 11%, arriving at a colony shielding area density estimate of 5000 kg/m 2 .
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