9.31 On the same basis as the DOL, research and development costs for the orbital transfer vehicle and the lunar landing vehicle can be determined. The OTV has an empty mass of 7.8 metric tons, of which 4.5 tons is the mass of space shuttle derivative systems. As stated before, the costs for R&D on these shuttle systems are not charged to the colony program, so the applicable R&D costs are those on the 3.3 tons of structural mass. From this, the R&D cost on the OTV, at $24,000 per kilogram, is $79 million. In a similar manner, the lunar landing vehicle has an empty mass of 14.4 tons, of which 6.9 tons must be developed for the LLV itself. The LLV R&D costs are therefore $166 million. The final cost associated with the transfer vehicles is that of refurbishment, or maintaining the vehicles in a flight-worthy -condition. This was not considered explicitly for the shuttle or DOL, since refurbishment costs are included in the base mission cost. Since neither the OTV or LLV have to undergo high stress maneuvers such as earth launch or reentry, and since each consists of little besides thrust structure and engines, the airframe refurbishment cost is assumed to be negligible. The only refurbishment costs, then, are those associated with maintenance of the. SSME engines used for primary propulsion. When used on the space shuttle, an SSME is rated for 55 launches (55 starts). A nominal mission of an OTV or LLV would have 4 starts. However, since burn times are generally shorter, it is assumed an SSME used on a transfer vehicle is rated for 25 missions, or 100 starts. Refurbishment costs of a vehicle powered by SSMEs is then 4% of a unit SSME procurement cost, per engine, per flight. The average unit SSME price will be calculated using the base $1000/kg initial procurement cost and cost discounting over t he total SSME production run. Costing of the transport linear accelerator presents some unique problems. No comparable device or system has ever been built before . The closest analogues would be such devices as the Stanford Linear Accelerator, which is designed for throwing subnuclear
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