4-34 Xenon-Helium Mixture Results in Lighter and Smaller Turbomachine................................34 4-35 Specific Mass Variation with Temperature ........................................................................... 34 4-36 United States Energy Resources ............................................................................................ 36 4-37 Breeder Reactor Program Concept ........................................................................................37 4-38 Particle Bed Reactor Concept .................................................................................................38 4-39 Meteoroid Environment ......................................................................................................... 42 4-40 Meteoroid Motion ..................................................................................................................42 4-41 Resultant Interaction With Object in Earth's Orbit..............................................................42 4-42 SPS Radiators Can Be Preferentially Oriented.......................................................................42 4-43 Flux Seen By Radiator..............................................................................................................42 4-44 Meteoroid Shielding Philosophy ............................................................................................ 44 4-45 Radiator Configurations ......................................................................................................... 44 4-46 Minimum Weight Two-Sheet Aluminum Barrier .................................................................. 44 4-47 BETA Program Solves Thermal Network............................................................................... 44 4-48 Radiator Thermal Model ......................................................................................................... 45 4-49 Baseline Radiators ..................................................................................................................45 4-50 Optimum Panel Dimensions.....................................................................................................45 4-51 Radiator Heat Rejection Helium Fluid....................................................................................46 4-52 Radiator Panel Mass Helium Fluid ........................................................................................ 46 4-53 Radiator Mass Distribution (Helium) ....................................................................................46 4-54 Liquid Radiator Requires Additional Heat Exchanger..........................................................47 4-55 Optimum Panel Dimensions NaK............................................................................................ 47 4-56 Radiator Panel Arrangement—Concept No. 1 48 4-57 Radiator Panel Arrangement—Concept No. 2 48 4-58 Radiator Panel Arrangement—Concept No. 3 48 4-59 Radiator Configuration Concept ............................................................................................ 48 4-60 Original and New Radiator Configurations ...........................................................................49 4-61 Typical Feeder Path to Center Fed Headers...........................................................................49 4-62 Halo Radiator Configuration .................................................................................................49 4-63 Radiator System Solar Thermionic SPS ............................................................................... 49 4-64 Liquid Metal (NaK) Loop..........................................................................................................50 4-65 Stress Versus Creep-Haynes 188.............................................................................................50 4-66 Header or Feeder Volume, Versus Creep............................................................................... 50 4-67 Radiator System Modeling ..................................................................................................... 51 4-68 Radiator Mean Temperature..................................................................................................... 52 4-69 Effect of Radiator Parameters on Total Mass ....................................................................... 52 4-70 Effect of Power Level on Radiator Specific Mass.................................................................. 52 4-71 Radiator Fluid Temperature During Occultation...................................................................53 4-72 Radiator Welds Performed in Orbit ........................................................................................ 53 4-73 Heat Pipe Concept .................................................................................................................. 53 4-74 Heat Pipe Options .................................................................................................................. 54 4-75 Heat Pipe Fluids: Latent Heat of Vaporization .................................................................. 54 4-76 Heat Pipe Fluids: Surface Tension ........................................................................................ 54 4-77 Heat Pipe Fluids: Absolute Viscosity ....................................................................................54 4-78 Heat Pipe Fluids: Vapor Pressure............................................................................................ 54 4-79 Heat Pipe Fluids: Heat Transport Capability and Temperature Range................................55 4-80 Heat Rejection Area and Capability is Limited By Heat Pipe Length ................................56 4-81 Radiator: Pumped Manifolds/Heat Pipe/Fin........................................................................... 56 4-82 Heat Pipe/Fin Radiator Panel Concept....................................................................................56
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