TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... ix ABSTRACT................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 2 ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON CLIMATE ..................................... 5 2.1 Waste Heat......................................................... 5 2.1.1 Sources of Waste Heat....................................... 5 2.1.2 Global Impacts ............................................ 8 2.1.3 Regional Impacts .......................................... 10 2.1.4 Local Impacts................................................ 15 2.2 Atmospheric Particles...............................................17 2.2.1 Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Particles ................ 17 2.2.2 Potential Climatic Response.................................. 20 2.3 Carbon Dioxide....................................................... 21 2.3.1 Increase of Atmospheric CO2..................................22 2.3.2 Global Carbon Budget ...................................... 22 2.3.3 Projected Future CO2 Levels..................................27 2.3.4 Climatic Response to Increased CO2 Levels................... 28 2.3.5 Possible Mitigating Measures ............................. 31 2.4 Uncertainties Concerning Climatic Change............................32 2.4.1 Feedback Mechanisms.......................................... 32 2.4.2 Natural Climatic Fluctuations................................33 2.4.3 Other Forcing Parameters .................................. 34 3 ENERGY TECHNOLOGY IMPACTS ON CLIMATE ................................... 37 3.1 Coal Technologies................................................... 37 3.1.1 Waste Heat Impacts..........................................37 3.1.2 Impact of Particle Releases................................. 38 3.1.3 CO2 Impacts.................................................. 39 3.1.4 Other Impacts................................................41 3.2 Nuclear Technologies.................................................41 3.2.1 Waste Heat Impacts..........................................41 3.2.2 Other Impacts................................................ 42 3.3 Satellite Power System............................................... 42 3.3.1 Rectenna Waste Heat Effects..................................42 3.3.2 Microwave Transmission Impacts ........................... 43 3.3.3 Impact of Rocket Effluents ............................... 43
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