| Cover |
1 |
| Title Page |
3 |
| Foreward |
5 |
| Table of Contents |
6 |
| I. SUMMARY |
15 |
| II. INTRODUCTION |
18 |
| III. REFERENCE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION |
24 |
| A. Guidelines and Assumptions |
24 |
| B. System Overview |
24 |
| C. Solar Cells and Blankets |
28 |
| D. Solar Array and Structure |
31 |
| E. Power Distribution |
33 |
| F. Rotary Joint |
36 |
| G. Attitude Control System (ACS) |
36 |
| H. Microwave Power Transmission System |
39 |
| I. Mass Statement |
61 |
| J. Space Transportation |
61 |
| K. Natural Resources |
72 |
| L. Operations |
78 |
| 1.Construction Operations |
78 |
| 2. Commercial Operations |
87 |
| M. Costs |
90 |
| IV. TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY |
93 |
| V. DOCUMENTATION SUMMARY |
97 |
| APPENDIX A SYSTEM ANALYSIS RESULTS |
103 |
| A. Design Considerations |
104 |
| Orbit Selection |
104 |
| Orientation and Attitude Control |
106 |
| Satellite Sizing |
107 |
| Construction |
109 |
| Power Output Variations |
109 |
| B. Solar Energy Collection, Conversion, and Power Distribution |
113 |
| 1. Energy Collection and Conversion |
113 |
| Solar Photovoltaics |
114 |
| Solar Brayton Cycle |
117 |
| Solar Rankine Cycle |
119 |
| Solar Thermionics |
121 |
| 2. Power Distribution |
122 |
| C. Power Transmission, Collection, and Conversion |
125 |
| Microwave System Frequency |
125 |
| Microwave System Efficiencies |
126 |
| Microwave System Sizing |
127 |
| Transmit Antenna Configuration |
130 |
| Microwave Power Amplifiers |
133 |
| Phase Control |
136 |
| Rectenna Configuration |
137 |
| D. Structures and Materials |
143 |
| 1. Satellite |
143 |
| General Characteristics |
143 |
| Loads |
143 |
| Environment |
144 |
| System Dynamics |
146 |
| Materials |
147 |
| Development Features |
147 |
| Structural Configurations |
148 |
| 2. Rectenna Structure and Materials |
149 |
| E. Space Transportation |
151 |
| Systems Considerations |
151 |
| The Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) |
152 |
| SSTO - Ballistic, VTOVL - |
152 |
| Two Stage Ballistic, VTOVL |
154 |
| Modified Single Stage to Orbit, VTOHL |
154 |
| Two Stage Winged, VTOHL |
154 |
| SSTO - Winged, HTOHL |
158 |
| Personnel Launch Vehicle (PLV) |
160 |
| Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicle (COTV |
160 |
| Personnel Orbital Transfer Vehicle (POTV) |
172 |
| Ground Support Facilities |
174 |
| Consideration of 28.5 Degree Versus 55 Degree Inclination |
174 |
| F.Construction |
175 |
| 1.Satellite Construction |
175 |
| Construction Location - Low Earth Orbit (LEO) vs. Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) |
175 |
| Configuration Constructability |
176 |
| Launch Vehicle Packing Density |
177 |
| Space Construction Personnel |
186 |
| Construction Equipment and Construction Support Equipment |
186 |
| 2.Rectenna Construction |
193 |
| G.Natural Resources |
197 |
| REFERENCES |
200 |
| System Definition |
200 |
| Other Concepts |
201 |
| Power Conversion |
202 |
| Microwave Power Transmission |
202 |
| Transportation |
203 |
| Orbital Construction |
203 |
| Rectenna Construction |
204 |
| Technology Advancement |
204 |
| Economic and Political |
204 |
| Biological and Environmental |
205 |
| Work Breakdown Structure |
205 |
| APPENDIX B CONTRACTED SYSTEM DEFINITION STUDIES |
207 |
| 1. ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL |
208 |
| A.Guidelines and Assumptions |
208 |
| B.System Overview |
208 |
| C. Solar Cells and Blankets |
210 |
| D. Solar Array and Structure |
214 |
| Reflectors |
214 |
| Structure |
217 |
| E. Power Collection and Distribution |
217 |
| F. Rotary Joint |
221 |
| Mechanical |
221 |
| Electrical |
221 |
| G. Attitude Control System (ACS) |
221 |
| H. Microwave Power Transmission System |
225 |
| Satellite Antenna |
225 |
| Antenna Structure |
225 |
| Power Distribution |
229 |
| Conditioning |
229 |
| DC/RF Converters |
231 |
| Mechanical Module, Subarray, and Power Module |
231 |
| Power Taper and Density on Antenna |
234 |
| Rectenna |
234 |
| I.Mass Statement |
240 |
| J.Space Transportation |
240 |
| HLLV |
240 |
| Winged VTO-HLLV |
240 |
| Horizontal Takeoff SSTO HLLV |
243 |
| Cargo Orbital Transfer Vehicle |
243 |
| Personnel Transport Systems (POTV |
246 |
| K.Natural Resources |
248 |
| L.Operations |
248 |
| a. Construction |
248 |
| Overall Operations Scenario |
248 |
| GEO Satellite Construction Base (SCB) |
253 |
| Satellite Construction Operations |
257 |
| LEO Base |
264 |
| Cargo Handling Mass Flow |
264 |
| Cargo Packaging |
267 |
| b. Commercial Operations |
270 |
| DOCUMENTATION LIST |
271 |
| 2. BOEING AEROSPACE COMPANY |
272 |
| A. Guidelines and Assumptions |
272 |
| B. System Overview |
272 |
| Configuration |
272 |
| C. Solar Cells and Blankets |
276 |
| D. Solar Array and Structure |
276 |
| E. Power Distribution |
279 |
| F. Rotary Joint |
282 |
| G. Attitude Control System |
282 |
| H. Microwave Power Transmission System |
285 |
| General |
285 |
| Antenna Power Distribution |
288 |
| DC/DC Converter and DC/RF Generators |
288 |
| Integrated Subarray |
293 |
| Antenna Structure |
293 |
| I. Mass Statement |
301 |
| J. Space Transportation |
302 |
| HLLV |
302 |
| Transportation Fleet Requirements |
305 |
| Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle (POTV) |
305 |
| Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicle (COTV) - |
305 |
| **L. Operations |
310 |
| 1. Satellite System Construction Operations |
310 |
| Construction Base LEO |
313 |
| Construction Base GEO |
317 |
| Component Packaging for Launch |
321 |
| Crew Considerations |
321 |
| Ground Station (Rectenna) |
325 |
| 2. Commercial Operations |
325 |
| DOCUMENTATION LIST |
326 |
| LIST OF FIGURES |
7 |
| Figure 1. SPS Reference System Concept |
17 |
| Figure 2. Simplified Diagram of SPS Concept Development and Evaluation Methodology |
19 |
| Figure 3. Solar Power Satellites |
21 |
| Figure 4. SPS Reference System - Satellite Configuration |
26 |
| Figure 5. SPS Efficiency Chain (GaAlAs CR2 and Si CR1) |
27 |
| Figure 6. SPS Operations |
29 |
| Figure 7. Reference System Characteristics |
30 |
| Figure 8. Solar Cell Options for SPS |
32 |
| Figure 9. Laser Annealing Concept |
32 |
| Figure 10. Solar Cell Blanket Support |
34 |
| Figure 11. SPS Power Distribution |
35 |
| Figure 12. Antenna Yoke and Turntables |
37 |
| Figure 13. Attitude Control System Characteristics |
38 |
| Figure 14. Transmitting Antenna Functional Description |
40 |
| Figure 15. Microwave Power Transmission System Parameters |
41 |
| Figure 16. Microwave Power Transmission System |
45 |
| Figure 17. Microwave Array Power Distribution |
46 |
| Figure 18. Power Density at Rectenna as a Function of Distance from Boresight |
47 |
| Figure 19. Peak Power Density Levels as a Function of Range From Rectenna |
49 |
| Figure 20. Grating Lobe Characteristics |
50 |
| Figure 21. Grating Lobe Maxima |
52 |
| Figure 22. Peak Power Density for Sidelobes and Grating Lobe as a Function of Range from Rectenna |
53 |
| Figure 23. Near-Field Antenna Patterns |
54 |
| Figure 24. Rectenna Patterns and Power Levels |
56 |
| Figure 25. Microwave Transmission Efficiency |
58 |
| Figure 26. Noise Power Density at Ground for a 1 km, 5 GW SPS Antenna |
60 |
| Figure 27. Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle |
64 |
| Figure 28. Launcher/Erector Concept |
65 |
| Figure 29. SPS Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Trajectory and Exhaust Products Data |
66 |
| Figure 30. Personnel Launch Vehicle |
68 |
| Figure 31. LOz/LH? Common Stage POTV |
69 |
| Figure 32. Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicles Options |
70 |
| Figure 33. SPS Construction and Commercial Operations |
79 |
| Figure 34. Component Packaging Characteristics |
81 |
| Figure 35. Typical Component Mixing |
82 |
| Figure 36. Construction Base Buildup for Silicon System |
84 |
| Figure 37. Scenario for Buildup of Construction Bases |
85 |
| Figure 38. Construction Timeline for Two 5 GW Satellites/Year |
86 |
| Figure 39. Scenario for Construction of Two 5 GW Satel1ites/Year |
88 |
| Figure 40. SPS Operational Functions |
91 |
| Fiaure 41. SPS Operations Management Concept |
92 |
| LIST OF TABLES |
9 |
| Table 1. SPS Mass Statement - Millions of KGs |
62 |
| Table 2 GaAlAs Independent Electric COTV Mass Breakdown |
71 |
| Table 3 Si Independent Electric COTV Mass Breakdown |
72 |
| Table 4 Materials List for Reference System |
73 |
| Table 5 Materials for Initial 5 GW SPS and Subsequent Systems |
76 |
| Table 6. SPS Fleet Sizes |
89 |