| Cover |
1 |
| Title Page |
3 |
| Foreword |
5 |
| Table of Contents |
7 |
| Abstract |
11 |
| Acknowledgement |
12 |
| Summary |
13 |
| 1 Introduction |
17 |
| 1.1 The Context of the Current Study |
17 |
| 1.2 The significance of Different Injections |
17 |
| 1.3 Approach |
20 |
| 2 Effects of Injectants in the 70-120 km Altitude Range |
31 |
| 2.1 Introduction |
31 |
| 2.2 Injectants |
32 |
| 2.2.1 H2O/H2 Injections |
32 |
| 2.2.2 NO Production on Reentry (Park) |
32 |
| 2.2.3 Construction Debris (Whitten) |
32 |
| 2.3 Water Vapor in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere |
33 |
| 2.4 High-Altitude Clouds |
35 |
| 2.4.1Noctilucent Clouds (Ellsaesser, Turco) |
35 |
| 2.4.2 Nacreous Clouds (Ellsaesser) |
36 |
| 2.5 Condensation and Re-Evaporation in Rocket Exhausts |
37 |
| 2.5.1 Prefatory Comments (Bauer) |
37 |
| 2.5.2 The Overall Problem (Mendillo) |
37 |
| A. Introduction |
37 |
| B. Summary of Water-Dump Experiments |
38 |
| C. Current Status |
39 |
| 2.5.3 Experimental Studies, Mainly in Domain B (Pongratz) |
41 |
| 2.5.4 The Current Status (Bernhardt - prepared after the workshop) |
42 |
| 2.6 Spreading of Rocket Exhaust Clouds: Local, Regional, Zonal and Global Effects(Bernhardt) |
43 |
| 2.7 Energy and Momentum Transfer Due To Rocket Exhaust Plumes |
46 |
| 2.8 Photochemical Effects (Turco) |
46 |
| 2.9 Ionospheric Conductivity and Atmospheric Electricity (Vondrak) |
48 |
| 2.10 Potentially Important Phenomena (Vondrak) |
49 |
| 2.11 Atmospheric Experiments |
50 |
| 2.11.1Water Vapor in the Mesosphere (Sundararaman) |
50 |
| 2.11.2Noctilucent Clouds (Sundararaman, Turco) |
50 |
| 2.11.3NO Production on Reentry (Whitten) |
52 |
| 2.11.4Rocket Observations (Mendillo) |
52 |
| 2.11.5 Airglow (Zinn) |
53 |
| 2.11.6Cloud Dispersion (Bernhardt) |
56 |
| 2.11.7Mesopheric NO (Turco) |
56 |
| 2.11.8 Conductivity Experiments (Vondrak) |
59 |
| 3 Effects of Hydrogen and Wter Injections on the Ionosphere |
61 |
| 3.1 Phenomenology of Hydrogen in the Upper Atmosphere |
61 |
| 3.1.1 The Overall Problem |
61 |
| 3.1.2 Fate of H2O/H2 Injected in the Thermosphere (Zinn) |
61 |
| 3.1.3 Some Details of the Distribution of Propulsion Effluents (Park) |
62 |
| A. Mass Budget |
62 |
| B. Condensation of Water Vapor in Rocket Exhausts Expanding in Vacuum. |
62 |
| C. Orbital Mechanics of Effluents from POTV (see Figure 5 |
64 |
| 3.1.4 Effect of H2O/H2 Injections on Geocoronally Scattered Lyman-a and Lyman-b Radiation (Prasad and Forbes) |
65 |
| 3.2. Morphology of Perterbed Ionospheric Regions (Fedder) |
65 |
| 3.2.1 Ionospheric Depletion due to a Single Burn |
65 |
| 3.2.2 Ionospheric Depletion due to the Multiple Launches during SPS Construction |
67 |
| 3.2.3 Dissociative recombination of H20+ and 0H+ (Bernhardt - prepared after the Workshop) |
68 |
| 3.2.4 Verification of the Extent of the Depleted F-Region of Section 3.2.2 |
70 |
| 3.2.5 Possible Experimental Verification: Some Relevant Natural Phenomena (Carlson — prepared after the workshop) |
70 |
| 3.2.6 Effects of the Reduced Ionization of HF Propagation (Bauer) |
71 |
| 3.2.7 Ionospheric Irregularities Associated with the Depleted Regions |
72 |
| 3.3 Effects on Satellite Drag (Curtis) |
73 |
| 3.4 Airglow (Turco) |
74 |
| 3.5 Potentially Important Phenomena (Vondrak) |
76 |
| 3.6 Atmospheric Experiments |
77 |
| 3.6.1 Rocket Experiments (Pongratz) |
77 |
| 3.6.2 LAGOPEDO- Type Releases (Fedder) |
78 |
| 3.6.3 Ionospheric Irregularities (Bernhardt) |
78 |
| 3.6.4 Other Experiments (Aikin) |
79 |
| 4 Magnetospheric Effects |
81 |
| 4.1 Introduction |
81 |
| 4.2 Phonomenology of H20/H2 Injection in the Plasmasphere adn Magnetosphere (Zinn) |
81 |
| 4.3 Injection of keV Plasma (Palmadesso) |
82 |
| 4.3.1 Potential Consequences |
82 |
| A. Alter radiation belt populations |
82 |
| B. Production of energetic argon ions via convection |
82 |
| C. Gross change in plasmasphere composition and temperature |
82 |
| D. Enhanced generation of geomagnetic storms |
83 |
| 4.3.2 Phenomenology Issues to be Resolved |
83 |
| A. Beam stopping distance |
83 |
| B. Argon lifetime in the magnetosphere |
83 |
| C. Energy lifetime in the magnetosphere |
83 |
| D. Relativistic Electron Precipitation (REP) events |
83 |
| 4.4 Some Possible Effects |
83 |
| 4.4.1 Enhancement of Trapped Radiation (Chiu) |
83 |
| 4.4.2 Dumping of the Radiation Belts (Aikin, Cladis) |
84 |
| A. Inner Belt Protons. |
84 |
| B. Outer Belt Electrons |
84 |
| 4.4.3 Depletion versus Enhancement of the Radiation Belts (Curtis) |
85 |
| 4.4.4 Phenomenology Associated with Large Space Structures (Vondrak) |
86 |
| 4.4.5 A Ring of Neutral Gases Associated with the Satellite (Garrett) |
86 |
| 4.5 Synthesis of Magnetospheeric Effects and Possibly Important Phenomena (Chiu) |
87 |
| 4.6 Conceivable Atmospheric Experiments |
88 |
| 4.6.1 High-Altitude Injection of Gases, Plasmas, and Electron/Ion Beams (Pongratz) |
88 |
| 4.6.2 Relevance of SCATHA (P78-2) to SPS (Chiu) |
88 |
| 4.6.3 CAMEO, FIREWHEEL and Other Experiments (Chiu) |
89 |
| 4.6.4 Starfish and Other Past Nuclear Explosions (Palmadesso) |
90 |
| 5 Conclusions and Recommendations |
92 |
| 5.1 Introduction |
92 |
| 5.2 Permanent Depletion of F-Region Ionization |
92 |
| 5.3 Problems Involving H20, H2, AND NO (Mainly, but not entirely, in the Mesosphere and Thermosphere) |
93 |
| 5.4 Problems Involving Argon Ion Injections in the Plasmashpere and Magnetosphere (Carlson and Vondrak) |
94 |
| Appendix A: List of Workshop Participants |
97 |
| Appendix B: Scenario for SPS Construction |
105 |
| Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms |
111 |
| Appendix D: Ambient Atmospheric Loadings for Different Species |
115 |
| Appendix E: References |
121 |
| Appendix F: Supplemental Material |
131 |
| List of Figures |
9 |
| Figure 1. SPS Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Trajectory and Exhaust Products Data |
19 |
| Figure 2. Mesospheric Water Vapor Measurements |
34 |
| Figure 3. Horizontal Dispersion as a Function of Travel Time - Data for the Upper Stratosphere and Mesosphere |
45 |
| Figure 4. Mesospheric Nitric Oxide Measurements |
57 |
| Figure 5. POTV Effluent Deposition |
66 |
| Figure B.1. Scenario for Construction of Two 5 - GW Satellite/year |
106 |
| Figure D.1. Atmospheric Species Concentrations |
116 |
| LIST OF TABLES |
9 |
| Table S.1 Propulsion Injectants into the Upper Atmosphere |
14 |
| Table S.2 Recommendations for Research |
15 |
| Table 1. SPS Injections into the Upper Atmosphere |
22 |
| Table 2. Atmospheric Domains |
24 |
| Table 3. Atmospheric Injection Rates for Each Domain |
25 |
| Table 4. Permutation Factor, PF OF EQ. 1, for Each Domain |
26 |
| Table 5. Task Assignments for the Workshop |
27 |
| Table 6. Time Schedule for Study |
30 |
| Table 7. Sketch of Cloud Dispersion in the Mesosphere |
44 |
| Table 8. POTV Effluents |
65 |
| Table B.1. Space Transportation Vehicles for SPS Project |
107 |
| Table B.2. Emission of the Main Burn of the HLLV Second Stage |
109 |
| Table D.1 Representative Values of the Global Energy Flow in Geospace |
119 |