Manufacturing, Construction, and Maintenance Operations This element includes ground and orbital operations and their respective systems that support the required manfuacturing, construction, assembly, and maintenance activities. A special operations management activity ties together equipment and manned operations and transportation and logistics requirements. Space Transportation This element consists of five transportation systems necessary to provide operational satellite power systems: the heavy lift launch vehicle (HLLV), the personnel launch vehicle (PLV), the cargo orbital transfer vehicle (COTV) system, the personnel orbital transfer vehicle (POTV) system, and the local space transportation vehicle (LSTV) systems. 4 .2 ISSUES RELATING TO GROUND RECEIVING AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPS ENERGY The remainder of this section focuses on the economic and demographic consequences expected to result from operating a large number of 5-GW SPS rec- tannae in the U.S. The issues examined have been grouped for this discussion according to five topics: (1) siting (i.e., pre-deployment); (2) construction, operation and maintenance after deployment; (3) public acceptance of SPS; ( 4) affects on international migration of economic activity and population and; ( 5) other implications and problems. Except for mention of the Earth-based take-off and landing facilities for space transportation, all of the issues addressed are directly related to terrestrial impacts of the rectennae. This is because the rectennae are the primary determinants of land needs and the subsequent displacement of population. Furthermore, the location of these receiving and distribution facilities will directly affect the economics of SPS electricity pricing which may in turn influence industry to move nearer to the power sources. These moves may foster either the centralization or decentralization of society. 4.2.1 Siting To a large extent, any relocation of industry and population effected by SPS will depend on siting of the large microwave receiving and electric distribution facilities that are required for the envisioned 5-GW satellites. Using the existing U.S. standard for microwave radiation exposure, each elliptical rectenna would require approximately 132 km2 of land.2 Full deployment
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