1980 Solar Power Satellite Program Review

The Final Proceedings of the Solar Power Satellite Program Review Sponsored by: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Solar Power Satellite Project Division Under Contract No. FG05-79ER10116

Conf-800491 Dist. Category UC-11, 59, 62 and 63 The Final Proceedings of the Solar Power Satellite Program Review April 22-25,1980 Lincoln, Nebraska Sponsored by: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Solar Power Satellite Project Division Washington, D.C. 20585 Coordinated by: The University of Alabama in Huntsville The Kenneth E. Johnson Environmental and Energy Center Huntsville, Alabama 35807 Under Contract No. FG05-79ER10116 July 1980 DOE/NASA Satellite Power System Concept Development and Evaluation Program

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is impossible to acknowledge all of the people and organizations who contributed to the success of the program review. We appreciate the efforts of all who participated in the review as speakers, listeners and staff. The program and the CDEP process could not have been accomplished without your support. Frederick A. Koomanoff Michael R. Riches

INTRODUCTION The concept of a solar power satellite (SPS) was first proposed in an article by Dr. Peter Glaser in the November 11, 1968, issue of Science. The intervening 12 years have seen this idea—placing gigantic satellites in geosynchronous orbit to capture sunlight, changing the energy into an appropriate form for transmission to earth, and introducing the energy into the electrical power grid—expand beyond the scientific community and capture the imagination and interest (pro and con) of others as a source of renewable energy for the 21st century. To study SPS, its costs and benefits, the Concept Development and Evaluation Program (CDEP), was initiated by the Department of Energy (DoE) in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and other government agencies in 1977. It will conclude in the fall of 1980 with recommendations for future research consideration. The CDEP has been conducted in four general areas—Systems Definition, Environmental, Societal and Comparative Assessments. Systems Definition is to continually define and refine the proposed solar power satellite. Transportation, construction in space, methods of conversion of sunlight into energy, transmission to earth, maintenance in orbit and decommissioning of satellites—all fall under this heading. The Environmental Assessment is currently studying the impact of SPS on our environment. The Societal Assessment is doing the same for the political and economic effects on our society. Finally, the Comparative Assessment is comparing SPS to other forms of power generation, both terrestrial and in space. The Solar Power Satellite Program Review, sponsored jointly by the Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, held April 22-25, 1980, at the Nebraska Center on the campus of the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, was organized similarly to the CDEP. After initial overview presentations, the meeting divided into the four sessions for more in-depth presentations. Frederick A. Koomanoff, Division Director of the Solar Power Satellite Project Division, was Program Chairman assisted by Michael R. Riches, both of the Department of Energy. Session Chairmen were as follows: Systems Definition, F. Carl Schwenk, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Environmental Assessment, Anthony R. Valentino, Argonne National Laboratory; Societal Assessment, Charles E. Bloomquist, Planning Research Corp.; Comparative Assessment, Michael R. Riches, Department of Energy. The Review was coordinated by The Kenneth E. Johnson Environmental and Energy Center of The University of Alabama in Huntsville. Hosting the Review at the Nebraska Center was the Division of Continuing Studies of the University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Program Review was designed to allow a free exchange of information and opinions. Responsible opinions were welcome, and even solicited, from all quarters, in an effort to allow the broadest spectrum of ideas to be aired. Many special interest groups were invited and encouraged to attend and participate.

The Review's organization was quite complex: at times eight meetings were being conducted simultaneously. The extended abstracts were arranged in their order of presentation within their respective subject areas, therefore the Agenda1 is not included herein. Abstracts of papers2 were preprinted and distributed at the Review. A list of frequently used acronyms follow. A glossary of SPS terms is included at the end of this document A few papers are included in these proceedings which were submitted, but circumstances prevented the author' attendance at the meeting. 1 Department of Energy/National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Final Agenda. The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL. 1980. 2 Department of Energy/National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Abstracts of Presentations. The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL. 1980.

SOLAR POWER SATELUTE ACRONYMS ASET Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology /DoE ASEV Assistant Secretary for Environment/ DoE CDEP Concept development and evaluation program. A four-year program being conducted by the Department of Energy, assisted by NASA, to continually define a reference-concept SPS and evaluate it. COE Cost of electricity DBER Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research/ASEV DDT&E Design, development, test and evaluation DECT Division of Environmental Control Technology/ASEV DoD Department of Defense DoE Department of Energy DOES Division of Operational and Environmental Safety/ASEV DTO Division of Technology Overview/ ASEV EH&S Environment, health and safety EIA Environmental impact assessment EMI Electromagnetic interference EPRI Electric Power Research Institute ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration (one of the agencies preceding and absorbed into DoE on October 1,1977) ES Earth surface ESA European Space Agency FCC Federal Communications Commission GBED Ground-based exploratory development GEO Geostationary orbitGHz Gigahertz (109 cycles per second) GW Gigawatt (109 watts) HLLV Heavy-lift launch vehicle IAF Internationale Aeronautique Federique IPTASE Interagency Panel on the Terrestrial Applications of Solar Energy IR Infrared. Designating or of those invisible rays just beyond the red of the visible spectrum: their waves are longer than those of the spectrum colors but shorter than radio waves, and have a penetrating heat effect. JSC Johnson Space Center KSC Kennedy Space Center LEO Low earth orbit LOX Liquid oxygen MHD Magnetohydrodynamics MPTS Microwave power transmission system MSFC Marshall Space Flight Center MT Metric ton (1000 kilograms) NAE National Academy of Engineering NAS National Academy of Sciences NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NRC National Research Council OAST Office of Aeronautics and Space T echnology/NAS A

OEP Office of Energy Programs/NASA RD&D Research, development and demonstration RDDT&E Research, development, demonstration, test and evaluation RF Radio frequency RFI Radio frequency interference SEB Source evaluation board SED Solar Energy Division/OEP SEPS Solar electric propulsion system SPS Satellite power system or solar power satellite SSTO Single stage to orbit STS Space transportation system UV Ultraviolet radiation VTO Vertical takeoff WMO World Meteorological Organization

PICTURE IDENTIFICATION Numbers refer to individuals numbered left to right from lower left corner. First numbers of each row are 1, 14, 26, 37, 49*, 54, 69, 84, 97, 108, 123 and 141. *Note that the fifth row (49) has only 5 persons. 1. William E. MacDaniel 2. Klaus G. Schroeder 3. Peter E. Glaser 4. Samuel P. Altman 5. Sue B. Weir 6. Gerry M. Hanley 7. (Unidentified) 8. Janice Voss 9. William W. Wales, Jr. 10. Dick Fredericksen 11. J. Peter Vajk 12. Thomas C. Taylor 13. Keith H. Miller 14. Rand E. Simberg 15. Wayne F. Miller 16. Richard De Blasio 17. Ali B. Cambel 18. Richard D. Wood 19. William V. McRae, Jr. 20. Kevin K. Dybdal 21. Marvin D. Aasen 22. James H. Atkinson 23. Richard W. Earhart 24. David B. Cagle 25. David L. Christensen 26. Arel Lucas 27. Harold E. Benson 28. Frederick A. Koomanoff 29. B. D. LaMar 30. A. R. Valentino 31. C. William Hamilton 32. Charles E. Bloomquist 33. Raefe M. Shelton 34. Ronald McCaffrey 35. Ziaul Hasan 36. Robert J. Giudici 37. Marcia Smith 38. Charles H. Eldred 39. Eugene A. Carter 40. John M. Logsdon 41. Kirsten Oldenburg 42. Sima Miluschewa Winkler 43. Patrick Q. Collins 44. Robert Bramscher 45. J. R. Williams 46. F. Carl Schwenk 47. John Oldson 48. Paul Kavanagh 49. Philip K. Chapam 50. George A. Hazel rigg, Jr. 51. T. A. Heppenheimer 52. Alain Dupas 53. N. Douglas Pewitt 54. Hubert P. Davis 55. David Murphy 56. Woolsey Finnell, III 57. William M. Jamieson 58. Ray A. Williamson 59. Dale R. Corson 60. John M. Richardson 61. Hugh E. Carmichael 62. L. E. Livingston 63. Clarke Covington 64. Douglas S. Lilly 65. Gordon R. Woodcock 66. Ronald Brownstein 67. (Unidentified) 68. Alan R. Hildebrand 69. Ervin J. Nalos 70. Ralph H. Nansen 71. R. H. Dietz 72. James Lazar 73. David Phelps 74. Paul 0. Bernhardt 75. Frederick J. Glatzel 76. Jost Wischeropp 77. James E. Drummond 78. Leonard W. David 79. Lee Torrey 80. Sam Ankerbrandt 81. Stephen I. Shotland 82. David Higgins 83. (Unidentified) 84. Margaret R. White 85. Dan McHugh 86. William C. Brown 87. Frederick H. Osborn, Jr. 88. Tony Redding 89. Ivor V. Franklin 90. James E. McCoy

91. James R. Brownell 92. John R. Juroshek 93. Ernest L. Morrison 94. William B. Grant 95. Michael E. Samsa 96. Carl M. Langdon 97. John T. Lyman 98. John A. Hill 99. (Unidentified) 100. Vernon Pankonin 102. B. Ray Sperber 103. G. D. Arndt 104. (Unidentified) 105. Robert S. Block 106. Guo Kuan-Ling 107. Jan Beyea 108. Allan D. Kotin 109. (Unidentified) 110. Peter B. Boyce 111. (Unidentified) 112. John W. Freeman 113. Stefi Weisberg 114. William Wilson 115. Alan P. Daurio 116. Martin Abromavage 117. John J. English 118. (Unidentified) 119. Liz Clarke 120. John J. Daugherty 121. Carolyn M. Henson 122. H. Keith Henson 123. Sherry McNeal 124. Jerry E. Pournelle 125. H. Donald Calahan 126. Paul E. Brown 127. Michael R. Riches 128. James P. Naughton 129. D. Stuart Nachtwey 130. Dieter Kassing 131. Fred D. Rosi 132. Simon V. Manson 133. David B. S. Smith 134. Ross Alan Henderson 135. Raymond S. Leonard 136. C. H. Chan 137. Randall Clamons 138. Richard L. Olson 139. Markus Nowogrodzki 140. David G. Weir 141. (Unidentified) 142. Robert C. Ried 143. Robert H. Lewis 144. Heinz Stoewer 145. Klaus K. Reinhartz 146. Dr. Stephen Schmelling 147. Michael A. Leonard

FINAL PROCEEDINGS DoE/NASA SOLAR POWER SATELLITE PROGRAM REVIEW Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................ i INTRODUCTION.............................................................. ii ACRONYMS.................................................................. iv GROUP PICTURE............................................................ vi PICTURE IDENTIFICATION................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................... ix GENERAL SESSIONS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE SOLAR POWER SATELLITE CONCEPT P. E. Glaser..................................................... 1 SPS AND THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT R. A. Williamson................................................ 8 OPENING REMARKS N. D. Pewitt..................................................... 9 OPENING REMARKS D. Beattie (represented by F. C. Schwenk).................... 10 INVOLVEMENT IN SPS:NSF B. Stein.......................................................... 11 INVOLVEMENT IN SPS:NAS J. Richardson................................................... 12 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PROGRAM THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS F. A. Koomanoff................................................ 15 OVERVIEW SESSIONS: OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEFINITION ACTIVITIES FOR SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS F. C. Schwenk................................................... 21

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW A. R. Valentino................................................................................................. 36 SOCIETAL ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW C. E. Bloomquist................................................................................................. 54 A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE REFERENCE SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM WITH SELECTED CURRENT, NEAR-TERM AND ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES M. R. Riches..................................................................................................... 66 AN OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN SPS ACTIVITIES K. K. Reinhartz................................................................................................ 78 SPS ISSUES: THE NEED TO LOOK AHEAD K. K. Dybdal......................................................................................................... 88 SYSTEMS DEFINITION: SPS OVERVIEW: REQUIREMENTS, ALTERNATIVES, AND REFERENCE SYSTEM L. E. Livingston................................................................................................ 91 EMERGING SPS CONCEPTS G. M. Hanley and G. R. Woodcock.............................................................. 95 INTEGRATION OF SPS WITH UTILITY SYSTEM NETWORKS B. M. Kaupang and R. W. Andryczyk......................................................... 99 SPS COST METHODOLOGY AND SENSITIVITIES R. 0. Piland......................................................................................................... 103 SPS TECHNICAL ISSUES C. H. Guttman..................................................................................................... 107 CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY AREAS OF AN SPS DEVELOPMENT AND THE APPLICABILITY OF EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY D. Kassing and J. Ruth.................................................................................... 109 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: OVERVIEW OF ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS D. M. Rote.............................................................................................................. H8 IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCE OVERVIEW C. M. Rush.............................................................................................................. 116 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OVERVIEW K. C. Davis............................................................................................... I20 NON-MICROWAVE HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS: OVERVIEW M. R. White......................................................................................................... I22 SPS MICROWAVE HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS - PROGRAM AREA OVERVIEW D. F. Cahill......................................................................................................... 124

SOCIETAL ASSESSMENT: AN EVALUATION OF THE LAND AND MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM S. D. Ankerbrandt..................................................................................................... 125 SOCIETAL ASSESSMENT - INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES S. I. Shotland..................................................................................................... 129 SOCIETAL ASSESSMENT - INTERNATIONAL ISSUES A. P. Daurio.......................................................................................................... 133 PUBLIC CONCERNS S. R. McNeal.......................................................................................................... 135 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT: A METHODOLOGY FOR THE COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE SPS AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES T. D. Wolsko......................................................................................................... 138 REFERENCE SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION AND COST OVERVIEW R. 0. Piland......................................................................................................... 142 SPS AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES COST AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS M. E. Samsa.............................................................................................................. 146 COMPARATIVE HEALTH AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF THE SPS AND ALTERNATIVE ELECTRICAL GENERATION SYSTEMS L. J. Habegger, J. R. Gasper, C. D. Brown................................................. 150 ENVIRONMENTAL WELFARE COMPARISON R. G. Whitfield..................................................................................................... 154 RESOURCES/MACROECONOMIC/INSTITUTIONAL COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT R. G. Whitfield..................................................................................................... 158 SUMMARY: SPS PROGRAM REVIEW F. A. Koomanoff............................................................................................ 162 SUBSESSIONS: - Systems Definition - Structural Dynamics and Control Subsession R. C. Ried, NASA/JSC, Session Chairman SPS STRUCTURES AND CONTROL: A PERSPECTIVE R. C. Ried.............................................................................................................. 164 SPS ATTITUDE CONTROL AND STATIONKEEPING - REQUIREMENTS AND TRADEOFFS R. E. Oglevie.......................................................................................................... 168

SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS STRUCTURES - A 1980 TECHNOLOGY STATUS REVIEW H. S. Greenberg..................................................................................................... 172 DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF THE SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM S. J. Wang, J. N. Juang, G. Rodriguez..................................................... 176 A MODERN CONTROL APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF THE SPS CONTROL SYSTEM R. Gran...................................................................................................................... 180 ACTIVE CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS IN SPACE STRUCTURES J. Leavitt (paper not presented) .............................................................. 184 THE DESIGN OF LOW-COST STRUCTURES FOR EXTENSIVE GROUND ARRAYS H. A. Franklin and R. S. Leonard............................................................. 185 SPS STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND CONTROL WORKSHOP: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS R. C. Ried and D. L. Mingori...................................................................... 189 Transportation Subsession W. W. Wales, NASA/MSFC, Session Chairman SPS PROGRAM REVIEW TRANSPORTATION PERSPECTIVE W. W. Wales, Jr..................................................................................................... 193 MINIMUM COST CRITERIA FOR SPS TRANSPORTATION TO GEO D. E. Koelle......................................................................................................... 196 EARTH-TO-ORBIT TRANSPORTATION FOR SOLAR POWER SATELLITES G. R. Woodcock and G. M. Hanley.................................................................. 200 ORBIT-TO-ORBIT TRANSPORTATION R. P. Bergeron..................................................................................................... 204 OFFSHORE SPACE CENTER (Offshore Launch Site) D. G. Hervey......................................................................................................... 208 THE APPLICABILITY OF MPD THRUSTERS TO SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS R. M. Jones and L. K. Rudolph...................................................................... 210 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS (SPS) SPACE TRANSPORTATION WORKSHOP SUMMARY J. P. Layton.......................................................................................................... 214 Open Forum Subsession F. C. Schwenk, NASA/HQ, Session Chairman TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SPS P. E. Glaser and P. K. Chapman.................................................................. 216 PROTOTYPE SOLAR POWER SATELLITE OPTIONS B. R. Sperber and K. E. Drexler.................................................................. 219

RECENT WORK ON USE OF LUNAR MATERIALS FOR SPS CONSTRUCTION G. K. O'Neill (presented by D. R. Criswell)........................................ 223 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVAILABILITY OF LUNAR RESOURCES FOR POWERSAT CONSTRUCTION T. A. Heppenheimer................................................................................................... 227 PASSIVE SOLAR REFLECTOR SATELLITE REVISITED C. Polk and J. C. Daly...................................................................................... 231 COMPARISON OF LOW EARTH ORBIT AND GEOSYNCHRONOUS EARTH ORBIT J. E. Drummond....................................................................................................... 234 THE INFRARED ALTERNATIVE G. Andlauer (paper not presented)............................................................. 237 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM TOTAL PROOF-OF-CONCEPT PROGRAM W. V. McRae, Jr..................................................................................................... 240 Power Conversion Subsession L. W. Brantley, NASA/MSFC, Session Chairman POWER CONVERSION PERSPECTIVE L. W. Brantley, Jr............................................................................................... 243 GALLIUM ARSENIDE (GaAs) POWER CONVERSION CONCEPT A. A. Nussberger................................................................................................. 246 SPS SILICON REFERENCE SYSTEM G. R. Woodcock..................................................................................................... 250 PROTON DAMAGE ANNEALING KINETICS IN SILICON SOLAR CELLS W. E. Horne, I. Arimura, A. C. Day.......................................................... 254 A SURVEY OF THE MARKET, SUPPLY AND AVAILABILITY OF GALLIUM F. D. Rosi................................................................................................................ 258 EVALUATION OF SOLAR CELL MATERIALS FOR A SOLAR POWER SATELLITE1 P. E. Glaser, D. W. Almgren, K. I. Csigi................................................ 263 SOLAR DRIVEN LASERS FOR POWER SATELLITE APPLICATIONS R. Taussig, P. Cassady, E. Klosterman......................................................... 267 CONCLUSIONS OF THE HUNTSVILLE SPS POWER CONVERSION WORKSHOP J. R. Williams..................................................................................................... 271 Power Transmission I Subsession R. H. Dietz, NASA/JSC, Session Chairman POWER TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION - AN OVERVIEW AND PERSPECTIVE R. H. Dietz.............................................................................................................. 273 MICROWAVE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SUMMARY G. D. Arndt and E. J. Nalos........................................................................... 277

SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PROGRAM CRITICAL SUPPORTING INVESTIGATIONS "SUMMARY" J. W. Seyl.............................................................................................................. 281 PHASE CONTROL SYSTEM CONCEPTS AND SIMULATIONS W. C. Lindsey..................................................................................................... 285 AN INTERFEROMETER-BASED PHASE CONTROL SYSTEM J. H. Ott and J. S. Rice........................................................................... 289 A POWER SATELLITE SONIC SIMULATOR J. H. Ott and J. S. Rice........................................................................... 293 SMALLER SPS SYSTEM SIZING TRADEOFFS G. D. Arndt and L. Monford........................................................................... 297 Construction and Operations Subsession H. E. Benson, NASA/JSC, Session Chairman SPS CONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE/SUMMARY H. E. Benson......................................................................................................... 301 INTEGRATED SPACE OPERATIONS OVERVIEW G. R. Woodcock..................................................................................................... 303 SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION TASKS W. V. McRae, Jr................................................................................................... 307 SPECIFIC SPS CONSTRUCTION STUDIES: CONSTRUCTION TASKS-CONSTRUCTION BASE R. W. McCaffrey......................................................................................................... 310 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SPS PRIMARY STRUCTURE BY ANOTHER METHOD T. C. Taylor......................................................................................................... 316 SPECIFIC SPS CONSTRUCTION STUDIES: OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE K. H. Miller......................................................................................................... 319 SPS RECTENNA SYSTEM R. W. Andryczyk and B. M. Kaupang......................................................... 323 AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT, SIMPLE, FIELD-ERECTED STRUCTURES R. S. Leonard..................................................................................................... 324 Power Transmission II Subsession W. Finnell, NASA/MSFC, Session Chairman RECTENNA SYSTEM DESIGN W. C. Brown, R. M. Dickinson, E. J. Nalos, J. H. Ott...................... 328 A THEORETICAL STUDY OF MICROWAVE BEAM ABSORPTION BY A RECTENNA J. H. Ott, J. S. Rice, D. C. Thorn......................................................... 332

POWER AMPLIFIERS (TUBE) W. C. Brown.......................................................................................................... 336 SOLID-STATE CONFIGURATIONS K. G. Schroeder................................................................................................ 340 SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY D. G. Weir.......................................................................................................... 344 MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION WORKSHOP SUMMARY J. W. Freeman..................................................................................................... 345 OFFSHORE RECTENNA FEASIBILITY J. W. Freeman, D. G. Hervey, P. E. Glaser........................................ 348 HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE OPTICS FOR FLEXIBLE POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS K. E. Drexler and B. R. Sperber.............................................................. 352 SPS POWER TRANSMISSION - ARE MULTIPLE BEAMS A BETTER OPTION FOR EUROPE? R. A. Henderson and J. P. Stark.............................................................. 356 Power Distribution and Management Subsession R. J. Giudici, NASA/MSFC, Session Chairman ELECTRIC POWER PROCESSING, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY STORAGE R. J. Giudici..................................................................................................... 359 HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEMS (TUBE-TYPE MICROWAVE)/LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM (SOLID-STATE MICROWAVE) POWER DISTRIBUTION A. A. Nussberger and G. R. Woodcock......................................................... 364 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS F. L. Pugh and A. I. Gordon................................................................ 368 HIGH VOLTAGE SPACE PLASMA INTERACTIONS J. McCoy.............................................................................................................. 372 SPS POWER MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP SUMMARY J. R. Williams................................................................................................. 376 - Environmental Assessment - Microwave Health and Ecological Effects Subsession D. F. Cahill, EPA, Session Chairman MICROWAVE HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OVERVIEW D. F. Cahill..................................................................................................... 378 STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPS MICROWAVE POWER ON THE HONEY BEE N. E. Gary and B. B. Westerdahl.............................................................. 379

SPS MICROWAVE EFFECTS ON AIRBORNE BIOTA STATUS REPORT S. P. Battista, E. J. Cook, T. H. Kunz, D. Hoyt, F. A. Wasserman, D. Byman, K. Youngstrom............................................................................................ 383 A REVIEW OF EFFECTS OF SPS-RELATED MICROWAVES ON REPRODUCTION AND TERATOLOGY E. Berman........................................................................................................................... 387 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PRE- AND POST-NATAL EXPOSURE OF SQUIRREL MONKEYS TO SPS FREQUENCY MICROWAVES J. N. Kaplan.............................................................................................................. 392 PRELIMINARY PLANNING FOR FUTURE SPS MICROWAVE HEALTH AND ECOLOGY RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT C. W. Hamilton.............................................................................................................. 396 Ionospheric Disturbance Subsession C. M. Rush, DOC/NTIA/ITS, Session Chairman SIMULATED D- AND E-REGION EFFECTS OF THE SPS POWER BEAM R. L. Showen.............................................................................................................. 400 MICROWAVE HEATING OF THE LOWER IONOSPHERE G. E. Meltz and W. L. Nighan........................................................................... 403 IONOSPHERE/MICROWAVE BEAM INTERACTIONS: ARECIBO EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS L. M. Duncan and W. E. Gordon............................................................................... 407 SPS HEATING IN THE LOWER IONOSPHERE, AN EXPERIMENTAL VIEW F. T. Djuth, D. S. Coco, D. A. Fleisch, S. Ganguly.......................... 408 LABORATORY AND PROPOSED IONOSPHERIC EXPERIMENTS ON SPS MICROWAVE INSTABILITY P. Le-Cong, D. Phelps, J. Drummond, R. Lovberg, W. Thompson. . . . 410 Electromagnetic Compatibility Subsession K. C. Davis, PNL, Session Chairman SUMMARY OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM E. L. Morrison, Jr., w. B. Grant, K. C. Davis............................................ 414 THE EFFECTS OF A SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM ON GROUND-BASED ASTRONOMY A. R. Thompson.......................................................................................................... 419 SPS EFFECTS ON OPTICAL ASTRONOMY G. J. Schuster......................................................................................................... 423 THE EMC OF SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS AND DoD C-E SYSTEMS J. H. Atkinson and M. D. Aasen...................................................................... 424

ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN SPS POWER BEAMS AND SATELLITES IN LOWER ORBITS P. K. Chapman.............................................................................................................. 428 THE EMC IMPACT OF SPS OPERATIONS ON LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES W. B. Grant, E. L. Morrison, Jr., K. C. Davis........................................ 431 THE SPS INTERFERENCE PROBLEM - ELECTRONIC SYSTEM EFFECTS AND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES J. R. Juroshek......................................................................................................... 435 Atmospheric Effects I Subsession D. M. Rote, ANL, Session Chairman ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS OVERVIEW D. M. Rote...................................................................................................................... 439 RECTENNA-RELATED ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS J. Lee............................................................................................................................... 440 GROUND CLOUD AIR QUALITY EFFECTS K. L. Brubaker.............................................................................................................. 445 GROUND-CLOUD-RELATED WEATHER MODIFICATION EFFECTS J. Lee............................................................................................................................... 446 OVERVIEW OF HLLV EFFLUENTS IN STRATOSPHERE AND ABOVE K. L. Brubaker.............................................................................................................. 450 MESOSPHERIC CLOUD FORMATIONS J. M. Forbes.................................................................................................................. 452 D- AND E-REGION EFFECTS J. M. Forbes.................................................................................................................. 454 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SPS: THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE R. C. Whitten, W. J. Borucki, C. Park, H. T. Woodward, R. P. Turco, S. S. Prasad, L. A. Capone, C. A. Riegel..................................................... 458 Non-Microwave Health and Ecological Effects Subsession M. R. White, LBL, Session Chairman SUNLIGHT REFLECTIONS FROM A SOLAR POWER SATELLITE OR SOLARES MIRRORS SHOULD NOT HARM THE EYES M. T. Hyson.................................................................................................................. 460 CHARACTERIZATION OF REFLECTED LIGHT FROM THE SPACE POWER SYSTEM H. B. Liemohn, D. L. Tingey, D. H. Holze, B. R. Sperber .................. 464 PROTOTYPE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF SITING AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN SPS GROUND RECEIVING STATION J. Hill........................................................................................................................... 469

EFFECTS OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT ON THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF SPACE WORKERS W. E. Hull.................................................................................................................. 473 HAZARDS TO SPACE WORKERS FROM IONIZING RADIATION IN THE SPS ENVIRONMENT J. T. Lyman.............................................................................................................. 475 LATE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES: CATARACTS, VASCULAR INJURY AND LIFE SHORTENING IN MICE E. J. Ainsworth, J. G. Jose, M. E. Barker, E. L. Alpen.................. 477 Atmospheric Effects II Subsession D. M. Rote, ANL, Session Chairman IONOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS: ARCHIVED DATA AND THE HEAO-C LAUNCH M. Mendillo and C. C. Chacko........................................................................... 480 THE LAGOPEDO EXPERIMENTS M. B. Pongratz, G. M. Smith, H. G. Horak, D. J. Simons, C. D. Sutherland, J. H. Wolcott, J. Zinn................................................ 483 ICE FORMATION DURING LAGOPEDO UNO C. F. Lebeda and M. B. Pongratz.................................................................. 485 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY ROCKET EXHAUST P. A. Bernhardt..................................................................................................... 487 EFFECTS OF ROCKET EXHAUST PRODUCTS IN THE THERMOSPHERE IONOSPHERE J. Zinn, C. D. Sutherland, S. N. Stone, L. M. Duncan, R. Behnke 489 PLASMASPHERIC AND MAGNETOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF POTV AND COTV EFFLUENTS Y. T. Chiu.................................................................................................................. 493 DISPOSITION OF SPS ELECTRIC THRUSTER EXHAUST D. H. Holze and H. B. Liemohn...................................................................... 496 EFFECTS OF ARGON ION INJECTIONS IN THE PLASMASPHERE S. A. Curtis and J. M. Grebowsky.................................................................. 501 - Societal Assessment - International Considerations Subsession A. P. Daurio, PRC, Session Chairman MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS J. P. Vajk.................................................................................................................. 506 SOME ASPECTS OF SPS ACCEPTABILITY IN EUROPE R. M. Shelton and I. V. Franklin..................=........................................... 508

STRATEGIES FOR MARSHALLING INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS D. G. Bailey and N. A. Irwin (paper not presented)........................... 511 ALTERNATIVE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL REACTIONS TO SPS J. R. Brownell, Jr. and M. J. Stoil............................................................ 512 INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE SPS: U. S. POLICY ISSUES, OPTIONS AND STRATEGIES S. Gorove (paper not presented).................................................................... 514 Resources Subsession S. Ankerbrandt, PRC, Session Chairman SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM RECTENNA SITING STUDY W. A. Bavinger and J. B. Blackburn, Jr...................... 517 RELATIONSHIP OF ELIGIBLE AREAS TO PROJECTED ELECTRICAL DEMAND A. D. Kotin................................................................................................................ 521 PROTOTYPE SOCIETAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF SITING AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN SPS GROUND RECEIVING STATION A. Bachrach.............................................................................................................. 525 POTENTIAL FOR RECEPTION OF SPS MICROWAVE ENERGY AT OFFSHORE RECTENNAS IN WESTERN EUROPE P. Q. Collins.......................................................................................................... 529 PRELIMINARY SPS MATERIALS ASSESSMENT R. R. Teeter and W. M. Jamieson.................................................................. 531 Public Concerns I Subsession S. R. McNeal, PRC, Session Chairman SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY OF SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS: A PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION S. Klineberg.............................................................................................................. 534 ENERGY IMPLICATIONS OF AN AGING POPULATION A. B. Cambel and C. J. DeVita, G. A. Heffernan................................... 536 CONCERNS OF THE CITIZENS' ENERGY PROJECT ABOUT THE S.P.S. K. Bossong..................................................................................................................... 540 CONCERNS OF THE L-5 SOCIETY ABOUT SPS C. Henson, A. Harlan, J. C. Bennett.............................................................. 54Z CONCERNS OF FASST ABOUT THE SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM A. D. Ladwig..................................................................................................... 544 A SOCIETAL ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT PARTICIPATION IN THE EVALUATION OF THE SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM CONCEPT R. D. Wood.....................................................................................................................

Institutional Issues Subsession S. I. Shotland, PRC, Session Chairman A STUDY OF FEDERAL MICROWAVE STANDARDS L. W. David.............................................................................................................. 552 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM: INITIAL INSURANCE EVALUATION W. Lloyd................................................................................................................... 555 PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR AN SPS ROLE IN NEW YORK STATE'S ENERGY FUTURE: A MAJOR CASE STUDY OF CONCEPT VIABILITY R. Sviedrys, D. McHugh, G. Homatas .... ..................................................... 556 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS (SPS): THE NEED FOR A DETAILED ASSESSMENT TO DEVELOP FEASIBLE MANAGEMENT SCHEMES M. S. Kaplan (paper not presented)......................................................... 558 SOME JUDICIAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS S. L. Entres (paper not presented) .... ..................................................... 562 Public Concerns II Subsession S. R. McNeal, PRC, Session Chairman A DIFFERENT RACE R. S. Leonard.......................................................................................................... 564 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SOLAR SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS (SPS) E. Passerini.............................................................................................................. 568 SOURCES AND NATURE OF RESISTANCE TO SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM (SPS) DEVELOPMENT W. E. MacDaniel......................................................................................................... 570 SUN BUST, OR WHY SPS WILL NEVER GET OFF THE GROUND D. S. Pate................................................................................................................ 572 PRESS PERCEPTIONS OF S.P.S. D. Dooling (paper not presented) .............................................................. 574 Institutional Issues II Subsession S. I. Shotland, PRC, Session Chairman THE INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE SOLAR POWER SATELLITE P. E. Glaser and P. K. Chapman.................................................................. 575 UTILITY SYSTEM IMPACTS OF THE SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM F. R. Goodman, Jr................................................................................................. 579 INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SPS/UTILITY INTEGRATION M. S. Crist.............................................................................................................. 581

AN ASSESSMENT OF SPS UTILITY INTEGRATION ISSUES ARISING FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELIGIBLE RECTENNA SITES AND ELECTRICITY DEMAND CENTERS J. A. Hill and J. A. Rabe................................................................................... 583 ELECTRIC UTILITY REQUIREMENTS AFFECTING SOLAR POWER SATELLITE DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT K. R. Kubitz and R. H. Moss............................................................................... 587 - Comparative Assessment - Contributed Papers Subsession M. R. Riches, DOE, Session Chairman THE POWER SATELLITE: TOWARD WHICH ENERGY CRISIS? T. A. Heppenheimer................................................................................................. 590 ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF SPS 0. E. Johnson....................................................................................................... 594 SPS SALVAGE AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES G. A. Hazelrigg, Jr............................................................................................... 598 THE SATELLITE POWER STATION AND NON-COST UNCERTAINTY ASPECTS OF RISK M. M. Hopkins............................................................................................................ 600 SPS: THEIR FINANCING AND MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS R. S. Block................................................................................................................ 603 Comparative Environmental and Societal Evaluations Subsession R. G. Whitfield, ANL, Session Chairman RESOURCE COMPARISONS (LAND, WATER, AND MATERIALS) W. B. Wilson.............................................................................................................. 607 MACROECONOMIC/SOCIOECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF SPS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES R. U. Ayres.............................................................................................................. 610 ENVIRONMENTAL WELFARE EFFECTS EVALUATION W. B. Wilson.............................................................................................................. 61^ CLIMATE AND ENERGY: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SPS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES D. A. Kellermeyer (paper not presented) ................................................ 613 RESEARCH ON THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS, CHINA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY K. L. Guo and X. S. Ge........................................................................................

Cost and Performance I: Characterization and Audit Subsession M. E. Samsa, ANL, Session Chairman SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM COST REVIEW R. E. Allen, P. E. Brown, E. J. Ziegler................................................. 618 CRITICAL REVIEW OF SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS (SPS) SPACE TRANSPORTATION COST ESTIMATES R. W. Earhart, C. W. Hamilton, K. Maher, R. R. Teeter.................. 622 UTILITIES VIEW OF SPS J. Patmore and J. Bohn............................................................................... 625 ALTERNATIVE ADVANCED POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERIZATIONS M. E. Samsa........................................................................................................... 627 Cost and Performance II: Cost and Performance Evaluations Subsession M. E. Samsa, ANL, Session Chairman ALTERNATIVE FUTURE ENERGY PRICE/DEMAND SCENARIO R. U. Ayres.............................................................................................................. 631 UNCERTAINTY IN ENERGY COST COMPARISONS ___ J. K. Bragg..................................................................................... b3b AUTHORS INDEX...................................................................................................................... 640 GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................... 658 ATTENDEES LIST.................................................................................................................. 668

AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE SOLAR POWER SATELLITE CONCEPT Dr. Peter E. Glaser, Vice President Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts "It may be that, in the future, man will have no use for energy and be indifferent to stars except as spectacles, but if (and this seems more probable) energy is still needed, the stars cannot be allowed to continue in their old way, but will be turned into efficient heat engines." This statement of Bernal1 rings even more true today, now that we have rediscovered the inexhaustible potential of solar energy. A. SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT The first time that solar energy was "discovered" was in the last half of the 19th Century in response to the energy needs of the industrial revolution. The efforts to harness solar energy which started, then accelerated through the beginning of the 20th Century, and then subsided with the successful development of energy economics based, at first, on coal and, subsequently, on the use of liquid petroleum fuels. Again, even amid our seemingly plentiful energy resources in the mid-195O‘s, there was a resurgence of interest characterized by the symposia in Phoenix and in Tucson, and in 1961, the U.N. Conference on New Sources of Energy. In 1962, Hubbert2 indicated that the world's fossil fuel resources were finite, and that their availability would be only an ephemeral event—on the time scale of recent human history—of, perhaps, a few centuries. Subsequently, in 1965, Gaucher's projection3 of energy consumption in the United States indicated that soon after the year 2000, a gap would be created which could be filled by solar energy. During this period, there were growing concerns about the environment, about the role of nuclear power and, more recently, about the large- scale use of coal as a long-term replacement for liquid petroleum fuels. These concerns and uncertainties were further compounded by the 1imits-to-growth philosophy and its implications on the possibility, in the face of burgeoning populations and diminishing resources, of maintaining living standards. And finally in this setting, culminating in the dramatic events of October 1973, the potential of solar energy was rediscovered. Now, there is a growing impatience to develop solar energy for widespread use, but despite optimistic expectations, the large-scale use of solar energy may take longer, be more difficult, and cost more than has been projected. What is clear is that no one energy source will meet all foreseeable future energy demands, that the search for new sources of nonrenewable fuels can only put off the day of their ultimate exhaustion and that there are major uncertainties in achieving the potential of known energy technologies. But, there is no need to rely on just one solution to the energy dilemma. The key to assuring future energy supplies will be the combination of apparently unlikely technologies and their applications in the most appropriate manner.

B. SPACE TECHNOLOGY SYNERGY The launching of Sputnik on October 4, 1957, and the dramatic unmanned and manned space pioneering efforts marked the entry into the space age which irrevocably changed the evolutionary direction of planet Earth's civilization. The consciousness of the uniqueness of planet Earth, and the tangible demonstration that the tools of the space age promised an unlimited extension of new knowledge of the solar system had a most profound influence on advances in technology. These advances not only made it possible to develop satellites for Earth's observations and communications as well as for scientific purposes, but also significantly contributed to the development of electronics and computer technologies. The synergism between space technology and efforts to harness solar energy could be used to overcome terrestrial obstacles to the conversion of solar energy such as inclement weather and the diurnal cycle. If satellites could be used for communications and for Earth observations, then it is also logical to consider satellites that could convert solar energy and place them in an orbit, e.g., geosynchronous orbit (GEO), where they could generate power for Earth continuously during most of the year. With a year-round conversion capability, such satellites could overcome not only the major obstacles to solar base-load power generation on Earth, i.e., means for energy storage and ineffective use of capital-intensive solar energy conversion devices, but to develop the technology for solar energy conversion in space on a scale which may not be possible on Earth because zero gravity and the absence of terrestrial influences no longer contain the size of a contiguous structure. The way to harness solar energy effectively would be to move the solar energy conversion devices off the surface of the Earth and place them in orbit away from the Earth's active environment where they would be continuously exposed to the sun. The most favorable orbit for solar energy conversion would, of course, be around the sun, but GEO is a reasonable compromise at this stage of space technology development because solar energy in GEO is available for 24 hours a day during most of the year. The "one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" taken in July, 1969, set the stage for what still is the nearly imperceptible movement of humanity beyond the Earth's surface. It is in this context that the SPS represents one of the significant steps which could utilize the immense resources within the solar system and beyond in the continuing quest to expand the evolutionary niche of the human species. C. SPS CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES The solar power satellite concept (SPS) challenged the view prevalent in the 1960's that solar energy conversion methods could not make a significant contribution to energy economies, and demonstrated that there are no a priori limits on the development of energy resources in space. The SPS concept although not a panacea for increasingly complex energy supply, environmental and societal problems could open up a new evolutionary direction to influence the future course of energy resource and human development. As originally conceived^ the SPS would convert solar energy into electricity and feed it into microwave generators forming part of a planar, phased-array transmitting antenna. The antenna would precisely direct a microwave beam of very low power density to one or more receiving antennas at desired locations on Earth. (An SPS system would include a number of large satellites in GEO orbit, each beaming power to one or more

receiving antennas.) At the receiving antenna, the microwave energy would be reconverted to electrical energy and then fed into an electrical utility transmission system, At the outset, the following objectives were proposed for the development of the SPS concept: ® To be of global benefit; • To conserve scarce resources; o To be economically competitive with alternative power-generation methods; ® To be environmentally benign; and © To be acceptable to the nations of the world. D. EVOLUTION OF SPS REFERENCE SYSTEM Preliminary studies of the SPS concept were performed at Arthur D. Little, Inc., from 1968 to 1972. During this time, the SPS concept was discussed at scientific and professional society meetings, and presentations were made to NASA and the President's Science Advisory Committee. In 1972, the NSF/NASA Solar Energy Panel outlined a program plan for the SPS RSD program and suggested funding levels.5 In 1972, Arthur D. Little, Inc., joined with Grumman Aerospace, Raytheon Company and Spectrolab Division of Textron, to evaluate the feasibility of the SPS concept on behalf of NASA.6 In this feasibility study, a base-line design was adopted to provide a power output of 5 GW on Earth. In addition to structural design and control, RFI avoidance techniques were investigated and key technological, environmental, and economic issues were identified. The results of this study encouraged NASA's Johnson Space Center and Marshall Space Flight Center to start extensive system definition studies with the help of Boeing Aerospace7 and Rockwell International.8 In 1976 the Energy Research and Development Administration was assigned responsibility for the SPS program. A task group was formed; it recommended that the SPS concept be evaluated and outlined a program for this purpose.9 In 1977 the Department of Energy and NASA approved the SPS Concept Development and Evaluation Program Plan,10 with the objective: "to develop by the end of 1980 an initial understanding of the technical feasibility, economical practicality, and the societal and environmental acceptability of the SPS concept." (The results of the DOE/NASA SPS program are discussed in detail at this Review meeting.) E. SPS PROGRAM ISSUES The SPS program is unique in that, for the first time, a major technology program focuses not just on key technology issues but is concerned with the evaluation of environmental effects, comparative economic factors, and societal issues so as to identify program risks and uncertainties before committing to the next phase of a development program. This focus for the SPS program is appropriate at a time when public scepticism of complex, large-scale technologies has been justified by wel1-publicized failures (e.g., the Three Mile Island incident) and distrust of assurances by either industry or government that technological systems will not contribute to involuntary exposure to health and safety hazards.

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