Some of these changes may be simple adaptations to a unique situation for humans, and there appears to be some adaptation in which a new equilibrium is approached as time in space is extended. Other effects, such as calcium loss, continue throughout space flight (up to 84 days in Skylab). NASA's continuing research on these problems may lead to ways of ameliorating their effects. This research will be assessed for possible long-term and short-term effects on the health of space workers. 2.3.2 Life Support For SPS, with the projection of longer stays in space and constructiontype activities, life support systems used in earlier space flights need to be carefully evaluated and modified. Some problem areas may be: • Correct nutrients in food, • Recycling of air and water, • Toxic air contaminants from such sources as out-gasing of construction materials, waste products, etc., • Medical and dental emergency facilities, and • Psychological stresses. NASA is doing research and/or studies on these problems. This work will be assessed relative to the unique aspects of SPS and evaluated to identify possible deleterious effects on space workers. 2.3.3 Radiation The amount and types of ionizing radiation to which space workers are exposed may limit the length of stay in space. Workers will be exposed to: • Galactic cosmic radiation ^protons, alpha particles, and high-energy heavy ions (HZE)J , • Solar-particle events, • Trapped electrons and protons, and • Radiation from onboard radioactive materials (extent unknown at present). Studies using currently available data are assessing the potential radiation doses to space workers in transit, in low earth orbit (LEO), and in geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). Biological effects of electrons, alpha
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