particles, and protons are discussed in the literature and are the subject of current research. The biological effect of HZE is less well known, and it appears that more research needs to be done on these particles in order to better define their effects. Workshops and/or peer reviews of the current knowledge of the radiation environment will be conducted. Recommendations regarding the possible effects will be made, and if it appears necessary, future research will be recommended to clarify subjects for which there is insufficient knowledge for assessment. Other types of radiation and particles, which have not been assessed because of lack of time or lack of complete systems' definition, may cause problems. These are: • Magnetic field, • Electrical field, • Plasma arcing, • Space debris, and • Meteoroid collisions. 2.4 EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT A variety of activities relating to construction and operation of SPS could affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Among these impacts are: • Air and water pollution, • Land disturbance, • Electric field effects, • Reflected light from satellites, and • Noise. The construction/operation activities should be thoroughly identified, and their impacts predicted. Where warranted, mitigation procedures should be developed before such activities are initiated. Some information is available from previous space flights and from NASA's ecological research. These data need to be put into the context of SPS systems' definition (i.e., the number of flights, the types of fuels used, etc.), in order to predict the effects on the environment. Time and information, to date, have been inadequate to make quantitative assessments. Construction activities, as well as the emissions of a variety of pollutants, are known to alter ecosystems by changing the character of plant
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