| Cover |
1 |
| Title Page |
3 |
| Foreward |
5 |
| Table of Contents |
7 |
| Purpose |
13 |
| Introduction |
13 |
| 1 Health and Ecological Effects of Microwave Radiation |
15 |
| 1.1 Scope |
16 |
| 1.2 Methodology |
16 |
| 1.2.1 Effects on Public and Workers |
16 |
| 1.2.2 Effects on Ecosystems |
17 |
| 1.3 Cause and Effect Relationships |
17 |
| 1.4 State of Knowledge |
19 |
| 1.5 Research and Alternatives |
20 |
| 1.6 Preliminary Assessment |
21 |
| 1.6.1 Effects on Public Health and Safety |
21 |
| 1.6.2 Effects on the Health and Safety of the Terrestrial Worker |
22 |
| 1.6.3 Effects on the Health and Safety of Space Workers |
22 |
| 1.6.4 Effects on Ecosystems |
25 |
| 1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations |
25 |
| 1.7.1 Public and Occupational Personnel |
29 |
| 1.7.2 Ecosystems |
29 |
| 1.8 Reference Documents |
30 |
| Appendix 1A: Microwave Health and Ecological Effects Program Plan |
33 |
| 2 Other Effects on Health and the Environment |
37 |
| 2.1 Scope |
38 |
| 2.2 Methodology |
38 |
| 2.3 Cause and Effect Relationships |
39 |
| 2.4 State of Knowledge |
42 |
| 2.5 Research Plan and Alternatives |
42 |
| 2.6 Preliminary Assessment |
42 |
| 2.6.1 Effects on the Public |
46 |
| 2.6.1.1 Incremental Effects of Conventional Processes |
46 |
| 2.6.1.2 Unconventional Effects on Public Health and Safety |
49 |
| 2.6.2 Effects on Terrestrial Workers |
59 |
| 2.6.2.1 Incremental Effects of Conventional Processes |
59 |
| 2.6.2.2 Unconventional Effects |
59 |
| 2.6.3 Effects on Space Workers |
61 |
| 2.6.3.1 Weightlessness |
61 |
| 2.6.3.2 Life Support |
63 |
| 2.6.3.3 Radiation |
64 |
| 2.6.4 Ecological Effects |
66 |
| 2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations |
66 |
| 2.7.1 Effects on the Publ |
66 |
| 2.7.2 Effects on Terrestrial Workers |
70 |
| 2.7.3 Effects on Space Workers |
70 |
| 2.7.4 Ecological Effects |
71 |
| 2.8 Reference Documents |
71 |
| Appendix 2A: Nonmicrowave Health and Safety Effects Research Program |
75 |
| 3 Effects on the Atmosphere |
79 |
| 3.1 Scope |
80 |
| 3.2 Methodology |
83 |
| 3.3 Cause and Effect Relationships |
84 |
| 3.4 State of Knowledge |
84 |
| 3.4.1 Upper Atmosphere, Nonmicrowave Effects (above 60 km) |
84 |
| 3.4.1.1 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
85 |
| 3.4.1.2 Other Effects |
93 |
| 3.4.2 Troposphere - Microwave Related Effects |
97 |
| 3.4.3 Stratosphere, Nonmicrowave Effects |
98 |
| 3.5 Research Plan and Alternatives |
104 |
| 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations |
104 |
| 3.6.1 Upper Atmospheric, Nonmicrowave Effects (above 60 km) |
104 |
| 3.6.2 Troposphere - Microwave Related Effects |
109 |
| 3.6.3 Stratosphere and Mesosphere, Nonmicrowave Effects |
112 |
| 3.7 References |
114 |
| Appendix 3A: Highlights of August 23-28, 1978, Workshop on Atmospheric Effects of Rectenna Operations |
117 |
| 3A.1 Rectenna Waste Heat Effects |
118 |
| 3A.2 Microwave Proagation Effects |
119 |
| Appendix 3B: Atmospheric Effects Program Plan |
125 |
| 4 Effects of Communications Systems |
133 |
| 4.1 Electromagnetic Compatibility |
134 |
| 4.1.1 Scope |
134 |
| 4.1.2 Methodology |
134 |
| 4.1.3 Cause and Effect Relationships |
136 |
| 4.1.4 State of Knowledge |
139 |
| 4.1.5 Research Plan and Alternatives |
142 |
| 4.1.6 Preliminary Assessment |
147 |
| 4.1.6.1 Range Instrumentation |
155 |
| 4.1.6.2 Operational Systems |
157 |
| 4.1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations |
158 |
| 4.1.8 Reference Documents |
160 |
| 4.2 Ionospheric Heating and Launch Vehicle Effluent Effects |
161 |
| 4.2.1 Background |
161 |
| 4.2.2 Methodology |
162 |
| 4.2.2.1 Ionosphere Heating |
162 |
| 4.2.2.2 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
163 |
| 4.2.3 Cause and Effect Relationships |
165 |
| 4.2.3.1 Ionosphere Heating |
166 |
| 4.2.3.2 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
167 |
| 4.2.4 State of Knowledge |
167 |
| 4.2.4.1 Ionosphere Heating |
167 |
| 4.2.4.2 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
168 |
| 4.2.5 Research Plans and Alternatives |
168 |
| 4.2.5.1 Ionosphere Heating |
168 |
| 4.2.5.2 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
169 |
| 4.2.6 Preliminary Assessment |
169 |
| 4.2.6.1 Ionosphere Heating |
169 |
| 4.2.6.2 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
171 |
| 4.2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations |
172 |
| 4.2.7.1 Ionosphere Heating |
172 |
| 4.2.7.2 Vehicle Effluent Effects |
172 |
| 4.2.8 Reference Documents |
173 |
| Appendix 4A: Electromagnetic Compatibility Evaluation Plan |
175 |
| Appendix 4B: Ionospheric Heating Program Plan Outline |
179 |
| List of Tables |
10 |
| Table 1.1 Ranges and Limits of Power Density for Microwave Exposure |
21 |
| Table 1.2 Potential Effects of SPS MPTS on Public Health |
23 |
| Table 1.3 Potential Effect of the SPS MPTS on Occupational Health (Terrestrial and Space Workers) |
24 |
| Table 1.4 Effects of the SPS MPTS on the Ecology |
26 |
| Table 2.1 State of Knowledge of SPS Effects Exclusive of Microwave Effects |
43 |
| Table 2.2 Incremental Material Requirements of SPS System |
47 |
| Table 2.3 Effects of SPS Deployment |
48 |
| Table 2.4 Exposure Limits for Selected Rocket Engine Combustion Products for Man |
52 |
| Table 2.5 Suggested Maximum Allowable Concentrations of Propellants in Water |
54 |
| Table 2.6 Effects of Sonic Boom |
57 |
| Table 2.7 Space Shuttle Sonic Boom Generation |
58 |
| Table 2.8 Distribution of Occupational Illness and Injury |
60 |
| Table 2.9 Summary of SPS Nonmicrowave Health and Safety Effects |
67 |
| Table 2A.1 Research Program for Nonmicrowave Effects of SPS |
76 |
| Table 3.1 Distribution of Exhaust Products in the Various Regions of the Atmosphere |
100 |
| Table 3.2 Water Perturbation Ratio between 16 and 80 km |
101 |
| Table 3.3 Estimated Nitric Oxide Injection Rates and Perturbation Ratios |
103 |
| Table 4.1 List of Propagation - Meteorology Parameters |
143 |
| Table 4.2 Selected Site Distances from Mojave Rectenna |
149 |
| Table 4.3 SPS Incident Power At Mojave Sites |
149 |
| Table 4.4 Atmosphere Anomaly - Turbulence Power Densities |
150 |
| Table 4.5 Scatter Power Densities - Average Rain Conditions |
151 |
| Table 4.6 Scatter Power Densities - Extreme Rain Conditions |
151 |
| Table 4.7. Induced Functional-Degradation Summary - Mojave Area |
154 |
| Table 4.8 Potential Systems Impact of SPS Operation |
164 |
| Table 4B.1 Simulation of Telecommunications Effects Resulting from SPS Operation |
180 |
| Table 4B.2 Experimental Studies of the Physics of Ionospheric Heating |
181 |
| Table 4B.3 Studies of the Theory of Ionospheric Heating |
182 |
| Table 4B.4 SPS Impact on the Pilot and Power Beams |
184 |
| Table 4B.5 Development of Advanced Ground-Based Heater Facilities |
184 |
| List of Figures |
11 |
| Fig. 1.1 Cause and Effect Relationship for Microwave Effect on Health and Ecosystems |
18 |
| Fig. 1A.1 Microwave Health and Ecological Effects Program Plan |
34 |
| Fig. 2.1 Cause and Effects Relationships for SPS Terrestrial Operations |
40 |
| Fig. 2.2 Variation of Overall Sound Pressure Level with Distance from Launch Site |
55 |
| Fig. 2A.1 Schedule of Research Tasks for Nonmicrowave Health and Safety Effects |
78 |
| Fig. 3.1 Regions of the Atmosphere |
81 |
| Fig. 3.2 Summary of Some Potential Atmospheric Effects Caused by Rocket Exhaust |
82 |
| Fig. 3.3 Cause and Effect Relationships Due to the Impact of SPS on the Atmosphere |
86 |
| Fig. 3.4 Geometry of the Skylab launch and ray paths to ATS-3 and ATS-5 from several sites in North America. |
88 |
| Fig. 3.5 Total electron content data obtained from the Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory in Hamilton, Mass., looking towards the geostationary satellite ATS-3 on 14 May 1973. |
89 |
| Fig. 3.6 Schematic diagram of global atmospheric circuit that indicates possible mechanisms for ionizing radiation to influence thunderstorm activity. |
92 |
| Fig. 3.7.Pictorial representation of the plasmasphere, magnetosphere, and principal electric current systems. The sun is off the page to the lower left. |
94 |
| Fig. 4.1 SPS Radio Frequency and Electromagnetic Interference |
135 |
| Fig. 4.2 Effects of the SPS MPTS on Electromagnetically Sensitive Systems |
137 |
| Fig. 4.3 General Spectrum Assignment Densities |
144 |
| Fig. 4.4 Spectral Distribution for a Chirp Modulated Carrier |
146 |
| Fig 4.5 Interferer Degradation Exemplary Trends |
146 |
| Fig. 4.6 Critical Mojave Rectenna Site |
147 |
| Fig. 4.7 SPS Transmitting Antenna Pattern |
148 |
| Table 4.8 Potential Systems Impact of SPS Operation |
164 |
| Fig. 4.9 Effect of the SPS MPTS on Ionosphere and its Consequences |
165 |
| Fig. 4.10 Results of July 12, 1978, Ionospheric Heating Experiment at Arecibo Observatory |
170 |
| Fig. 4A.1 EMC Evaluation Tasks - Phase I |
177 |
| Fig. 4A.2 EMC Evaluation Tasks - Phase II |
178 |