Table 4.17 Categorization of Health and Safety Issues component requirement per 1000 MW of generation is the overriding factor in determining risk of component production. The total component production risks, combined with on-site construction risks, are shown in Fig. 4.30 and illustrate the higher construction-phase risk of the terrestrial solar and the fusion technologies, which is due to the more capital-intensive nature of these technologies. The terrestrial photovoltaic system requires nearly 20 units of component production at 200-MW peak capacity and 26% load factor, and the SPS requires extensive ground and space facilities to construct and maintain the orbiting satellites. Although not shown, similar results are obtained for the number of work days lost. For this parameter, more disaggregated data on risk levels are available for individual industrial categories. Occupational Risks of the Operation and Maintenance Phase. The total quantified risk of fatality, averaged over an assumed 30-year lifetime, is shown for each technology in Fig. 4.31. Quantified risks of operation and maintenance (0&M) are largest for the coal technology, primarily due to the risks of accidents and illness during coal mining. A major uncertainty in estimates of mining risk derives from uncertainty in the long-term effect of recent regulations for reducing the levels of dust in coal mines. Additional O&M occupational risks of energy production from coal are related to rail transport of the coal, accidents in the coal processing and electrical generation plants, and exposure to potential carcinogenic emissions from the coal gasification process. The estimate for the risk from potential in-plant gasification emissions (0.0-0.2 fatal ities/1000 MW-yr) is based on the estimated number of workers in the plant and on historical data from pilot plants with limited control measures.$$ Approximately 70-80% of the O&M risks of the fission systems are related to conventional occupational hazards, and the remaining 20-30% are due to low-level radiation exposure, the impacts
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