II.4.2 Development Participation Problems Generally, the anticipated large expenditures for SPS research and development at the present state of technology make it clear, that a multinational participation and cost-sharing is reasonably wishful. But, it is also clear, that any international cooperation has to be started with national efforts arising from national organisations. Since the USA are one of the leading nations concerning space technology and most of special SPS research and development items, every European cooperation form is influenced severely by U.S. willings and needs in the field of energy supply goals. This will lead to a hard problem of U.S. vs. international acceptability to find out the balance between U.S. control and multinational participation tasks in the research and development phase. Whilst the commercialisation phase, the main items for U.S. remaining control claims are the physical and strategic security of the SPS contribution to U.S. energy supply. For an European SPS development participation or cooperation together with U.S. organisations the following criteria of SPS organisational options in USA must be taken into consideration for own European attempts: - Providing contribution capability to U.S. energy supply in a political (domestic) adequate, timely and reliable way, - providing domestic U.S. political feasibility (i.e. mainly congressional authorization and funding, as well as presidential and public support meaning international organisational options only with substantial U.S. control), - providing of course'cost-effectiveness, - providing international acceptability and effective cooperation, which is significantly affecting and constraining all other criterias and which claims for international agreements on frequency and geosynchronous slot allocations.
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