marking of the consumption centers. The shortest distances from the particular centers to the "smoothed" coastline are listed as well as an estimate of the potentials for land based rectennas near the centers. Of the 34 identified consumption centers no one is sited west of 10° W longitude. 10 centers are located between 10° W and 0°. Most of the centers, 17, are located between 0° and 10° E, 6 are located between 10° E and 20° E and only one lies beyond 20° E. Spacing problems for European SPS which might result from this geographical situation are discussed in section II.3. If rectennas could be constructed directly near every consumption center, it is obvious that longitude offsets for SPS placing are unavoidable. These requirements also remain if all rectennas were offshore constructed and located at the shortest distances from the consumption centers to the coastline. These considerations are only valid, if every consumption center is supplied by one 5 GW rectenna! The dimensions of rectennas and of necessary safety zones make clear, that rectennas should not be located at latitudes higher than 60°. The remaining area has been characterized already in fig. 1.1. Fortunately no consumption centers where electricity in the order of 5 GW is required was identified north of 60°. However, future development will certainly change this situation. So we propose, that Iceland, Finland, Northern Norway, and Northern Sweden should at the present time not be taken into further considerations for potential rectenna siting. Offshore rectennas are reported to be more expensive than land based rectennas in construction. But for the offshore option there are less social impacts. The safety zones might not be necessary and sea traffic is much more easily diverted than road or railway traffic. Nobody has to be resettled with offshore rectennas and public acceptance for this option shurely would be better. Our opinion is, that offshore rectennas represent an European contribution potential to the SPS development for geographical reasons:
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