ESA European Aspects of SPS

Cover	1
TItle Page	3
Note from Kassing to Frederick A. Koomanoff Director Satellite Power System Project Office of the US Department of Energy	3
Abstract	4
Table of Contents	5
Abbreviations	6
Executive Summary	7
Introduction	9
PART I Literature Review	10
I.1 SPS - SYSTEM CONCEPTS	11
I.1.1 SPS from 1968 to 1979	11
I.1.2 The SSPS Concept ( A.D.Little et al.) 1973	12
I.1.3 Solar Thermal SPS ( Boeing)	13
I.1.4 The MOSES- Concept (TU-Berlin).	14
I.1.5 The GSSPS-Concept ( The Aerospace Corporation )	15
I.1.6 The Boeing SPS-Concept 1977/78	16
I.1.7 The Rockwell SPS-Concept 1977/78	17
1.1.8 The DOE/NASA Reference Concept 1978 ( Silicon Option )	18
I.2 SUMMARIES ON THE STATE OF THE ART	20
I.2.1 Power Conversion	20
I.2.1.1 General	20
I.2.1.2 Solar-Thermo-Electric Conversion	20
I.2.1.3 Photovoltaic Conversion	20
I.2.1.4 Summary	21
I.2.2 Power Distribution	23
I.2.2.1 General	23
I.2.2.3 Conductors	23
I.2.2.4 Interfaces	23
I.2.2.5 Efficiency	24
I.2.2.6 Problems	24
I.2.3 Power Transmission	24
I.2.3.1General	24
I.2.3.2Microwave Generation	24
I.2.3.2.1 Amplitrons_(Crossed Field Amplifiers!	24
I.2.3.2.2 Klystrons ( Linear Beam Amplifiers)	24
I.2.3.2.3 Other RF-Generators	25
I.2.3.3 Transmitting Antenna and Beam Control	25
I.2.3.4 The Microwave Beam	26
I.2.3.5 Receiving Antenna (Rectenna)	28
I.2.3.6 Efficiency	29
I.2.3.7Problems	29
I.2.3.8 Laser Power Transmission System ( LPTS )	29
I.2.4 Structure and AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control System)	29
I.2.4.1 General	29
I.2.4.2 Structural Fundamentals	30
I.2.4.3 Loads	30
I.2.4.4 Structural Materials	31
I.2.4.5 Attitude and Orbit Control System	32
I.2.5 Space Transportation	32
I.2.5.1 General	32
I.2.5.2 The PLV ( Personnel Launch Vehicle )	33
I.2.5.3 The HLLV ( Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle )	33
I.2.5.4 The POTV (Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle )	34
I.2.5.5 The COTV ( Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicle )	35
I.2.5.6 Flights per Year for the Reference Systems	36
I.2.6 Construction and Maintenance	36
I.2.6.1 General	36
I.2.6.2 Construction Elements	38
I.2.6.3 Construction Site and Construction Bases	39
I.2.7 Programme Cost and Risk	40
I.2.7.1 General	40
I.2.7.2 Critical Cost-Risk Areas	40
I.2.7.3 Less Critical Cost Areas	41
I.2.7.4 Main SPS Cost-Risk Sensitivity Parametrics	41
I.2.7.5 Preliminary Programme Cost Estimates	42
I.2.8 Energy Demand	44
I.2.8.1 General	44
I.2.8.2 Proven Reserves of World Primary Fuels	44
I.2.8.3 World Energy Consumption	45
I.2.8.4 U.S. Requirements for Electricity	45
I.2.8.5 Requirements for Electricity in the EC	46
I.2.9 Cost Comparison	46
I.2.9.1 General	46
I.2.10 Funding	48
I.2.10.1 General	48
I.2.10.2 Actual Fundings	48
I.2.10.3 Recommended U.S. Fundings	49
I.2.11 Legal Aspects	49
I.2.11.1 General	49
I.2.11.2 Military Implications	49
I.2.11.3 Polltical,Legal and Organisational Aspects	49
I.2.11.4 Regional and Governmental Regulation for Rectenna Siting	50
I.2.12 Public Acceptance	50
I.2.12.1 General	50
I.2.12.2 Environmental Impacts by SPS and the Public	50
I.2.13 Microwave Impacts	51
I.2.13.1 General	51
I.2.13.2 Interactions between the Beam and the Ionosphere	51
I.2.13.3 Interactions between the Beam and the Troposphere	52
I.2.13.4 Impacts of the Beam on Biological Life	53
I.2.13.5 Impacts of the Beam on Technical Services	55
I.2.14 Rectenna Impacts	56
I.2.14.1 General	56
I.2.14.2 Waste Heat of the Rectenna	56
I.2.14.3 Microwave Power Density beneath the Rectenna	56
I.2.14.4 Land Requirements	56
I.2.15 Launcher Emission and Space Environment	59
I.2.15.1 General	59
I.2.15.2 Launcher Noise	59
I.2.15.3 Launcher Air Pollution and Debris	59
I.2.15.4 Space Environment	60
I.2.16 Resource Problems	60
I.2.16.1 General	60
I.2.16.2 Critical Materials	60
I.2.16.3 Energy Requirements	61
I.2.16.4 Land Requirements	61
I.2.17 Programme Planning and Development	61
I.2.17.1 General	61
I.2.17.2 Current DOE/NASA 3-Year Plan	61
I.2.17.3 Long Term Development Phases and Milestones	63
I.2.17.4 Logistics Planning	64
I.2.17.5 Key Areas of Technology Advancement	64
I.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY	67
I.3.1 Primary Literature	67
PART II Particular Concerns of European SPS Utilization	80
II.1 Geographical Considerations For Western Eropean Solar Power Satellites	81
I.1.1.1 General Remarks	81
II.1.2 Geographical Area of Western Europe	81
II.1.3 Definition of Safety Zones around the Rectennas	83
II.1.4 Calculation of Rectenna and Safety Zone Sizes as a Function of Latitude and Longitude Offset	84
II.1.5 Are there Ecological or Environmental Problems due to Higher Latitudes?	92
II.1.5.1 Deflection of the RF-Beam by the Atmosphere and the Ionosphere	92
II.1.5.2 Depolarisation of the RF-Beam by the Atmosphere and Ionosphere	92
II.1.5.3 Attenuation of the RF-Beam by the Atmosphere and the Ionosphere	93
II.1.5.4 Impacts of the RF-Beam on the Atmosphere and the Ionosphere	93
II.1.5.5 Heating of the Atmosphere by the Rectenna Waste Heat	94
II.1.5.6 Radio Frequency Disturbances by the Microwave Beam	94
II.1.6 Rectenna Location Considerations for Western Europe	96
II.2 Status Of Western European Supply And Demand Forcasts	100
II.3 Orbital Limitations For European SPS	104
II.3.1 General Limitation Considerations	104
II.3.1.1 Physical Constraints	104
II.3.1.2 Political and Legal Constraints	106
II.3.2 European Orbital Limitation Characteristics Scenario	107
II.4 Organisational Problems Of European SPS Development Participation And SPS Commercialisation	113
II.4.1 Organisational structure problems	113
II.4.2 Development Participation Problems	115
II.5 SPS And Western European Industries	116
II.5.1 Solar Energy Conversion and Materials Degradation	116
II.5.2 High Voltage DC Power Distribution and Conditioning	116
II.5.3 Microwave Power Transmission and Beam Steering and Phase Control	117
II.5.4 Attitude/Orbit Control System and Propulsion	117
II.5.5 Support Subsystems	119
II.5.6 Construction and Maintenance	119
II.5.7 Personnel and Priority Cargo Launch Vehicle (PLV) and Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV)	119
II.5.8 Ground Receiving Station	119
PART III Recommendations For European Study Programmes	120
III.1 General Conditions	121
III.2 Recommendations For Preliminary European SPS Assessments	122
III.3 Recommendations For A Medium-Term SPS Study Programme In Europe	128
III.4 Specification Of Near-Term Study Tasks	132

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