1992 Eurospace Powersat FInal Report

Cover	1
Title Page	3
Contents	5
Executive Summary	9
The Economics of Powersats	9
Prospects for Powersat Demonstration Programme•	12
Acknowledgement of Support	15
In Europe	15
In the United States	16
Part I: The Economics of Powersats	17
Introduction: Space Power - Understanding The Problem	19
2. Finding the Fist Application	25
2.1 The Economics of Powersats	25
2.2 The Niche Market Approach	28
3. Example 1: Communications Satellites	30
4. Example 2: Space Stations	37
4.1 Meeting a Recurring Operational Need	37
4.1.1 Example of Space Station Freedom	38
Station-Keeping Propellant	38
Battery life	40
4.1.2 Columbus Free-Flyer	41
4.2 Two Powersat Options for Space Stations	43
4.2.1 Option 1: The Co-Orbiting Microwave Solution	43
Reference Concept Configuration	43
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Microwave Solution	49
Understanding the Drag Problem	51
Alternatives to Solar Arrays	54
Summary	56
4.2.2 Option 2: The High Orbit Laser Solution	57
Overall Configuration	57
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Laser Solution	59
Summary	62
5. Economic Analysis of Powersats For Space Stations	63
5.1 Analysis Approach	63
5.2 Launch Costs	63
5.3 Economic Analysis Technique	65
5.4 Assumptions	66
5.5 Results	67
5.6 Discussion & Summary	67
6. Principle Conclusions	70
7. References And Footnotes for Part 1	72
Part II: Prospecs for a Powersat Demonstration Programme	75
1. Introduction: Pragmatic Rationale For A Powersat Demonstrator	77
2. Minimising Costs & Schedule	79
3. Overview of Launch Opportunities	84
3.1 Ariane 4/ASAP	86
3.2 Columbus Precursor Missions	88
3.2.1 Eureca -3 Mission Opportunities	88
3.2.2 Spacelab E-l	93
3.3 Space Shuttle Launch of Small Payloads	98
3.3.1 Get-Away Special Canister (GAS Can)	98
3.3.2 GAS Complex Autonomous Pay load (CAP)	100
3.3.3 Hitchhikers G & M	102
3.4 Other Possible Launch Opportunities	106
3.4.1 Astro-SPAS	106
3.4.2 SPARTAN	111
3.4.3 CIS Launch Opportunities	112
3.4.4 Small Launch Vehicles	114
3.4.5 MASER & MAXUS Sounding Rockets	114
3.6 Space Access Discussion	114
4. Derivation of Powersat Demonstrator Requirements	121
4.1 Technical Issues: Laser or Microwave?	121
Laser Discussion	122
Microwave Discussion	123
4.2 Operational Considerations	124
4.3 Technology Test-Bed	127
4.4 Space-to-Ground Demonstrations	128
4.5 Guideline Requirements	129
4.5.1 Initial Demonstrator	129
Transmitted Power	129
Transmission Distance	129
Pointing Precision	131
Experiment Time Period	131
Reception Efficiencies	132
Safety	132
4.5.2 Advanced Demonstrator	132
5. Reference Concepts for a European Powersat Demonsrator Programme	134
5.1 The ASAP Reference Concept	134
5.1.1Concept Evolution	134
5.1.2 Concept Overview	135
5.1.3 Specific Technology Issues & Rationale	144
Tether Discussion.	144
Rectenna Discussion	148
Reflector Discussion	152
Service Module Discussion	155
Microwave Source Discussion	157
Beam Pointing	159
Power Module	159
5.1.4. Preliminary Mass Budget	163
5.1.5 Programmatics & Schedule	163
5.1.6. Costs	167
5.1.7. Laser Discussion	167
5.2 The Astro-SPAS Reference Concept	170
5.2.1 Concept Evolution	170
5.2.2. Microwave Advanced Demonstrator	170
5.2.3 Laser Advanced Demonstrator	176
5.2.4 Programmatics & Schedule Discussion	180
6. Alternative Options for the Initial Demonstrator	181
6.1 Columbus Precursor Missions	181
6.1.1 Eureca-3	181
6.1.2 Spacelab E-l	184
6.2 Space Shuttle Launch of Small Payloads	185
6.2.1 Use of GAS CAP for a Shuttle-Based Experiment (Option 1)	185
Discussion & Potential Problems	188
6.2.2 Deployment of Transmitter & Receiver from a GAS CAP (Option 2)	191
6.2.3 Use of Hitchhiker G & M (Option 3)	191
Hitchhiker G	191
Hitchhiker M	193
6.3 MASER & MAXUS Sounding Rockets	193
7. International Cooperation Overview	197
7.1 With the United States of America	197
7.2 With Japan	203
7.3 With the Commonwealth of Independent States	207
8. Principle Conclusions & Reommendations for a Powersat Demonstrator Programme	213
8.1 Conclusions	213
8.2 Recommendations	217
References and Footnotes for Part II	222
Appendix: Industry Contributions & Comments	225
Introduction	227
Contribution of Thomson Tubes Electroniques	229
1. Scope	231
2. Reference	231
3. Preliminary Remarks	231
4. Methodology of Investigations	231
5. Basic Assumptions	232
6. Discussions ofthe Options	233
6.1Ariane 4 Options	233
6.2 EURECA Option	235
6.3 Space Shuttle Options	236
6.4 Spacelab E-1 Precursor Mission.	237
6.5 SPAS & Spartan Platforms	238
6.6 Ariane 5 Demonstration Flights	238
6.7 MASER / MAXUS Sounding Rockets	238
Slides	239
Contribution of AEA Technology Culham Laboratory	247
Notes	249
Position Statement on Powersat Demonstrator Options	251
Contribution of Oerlikon-Contraves, Space Division	255
PIC Rectenna for Power Beaming Demonstration	259
1.PIC-Rectenna Size	259
References	263
Slides	265
Contribution of ETCA	277
Very Great number of mission opportunities	279
Transparency to other pay loads	279
Very low cost	280
Slides	281
Contribution of SAFT	293
1 Scope	295
2 Driving Parameters	295
3 General considerations on use of High Energy Density Power Sources	295
4 Discussion with regard to the Powersat demonstrator	297
4.1 Launch system used	298
4.2 Demonstrator mission	298
4.3 Saft's recommended solution	299
Slides	300
Contribution of CNRS	311
Laser Power	313
Contribution of Laserdot	315
Definition d’une premiere experience dans Fespace	317
Slides	322
Contribution of Deutsche Aerospace MBB Space Communications and Propulsion Systems Division	327
Slides	329
Contribution of Deutsche Aerospace MBB-ERNO	333
Slides	335
Contribution of MATRA	341
Report of the Japanese External Trade Organization	345
1 Solar Power Satellite [SPS] R&D and International Cooperation	347
1. Sunshine Project and Solar Power Satellite	347
2. SPS ’91 and International Cooperation	348
2 R&D by Research Organizations	350
The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science [ISAS]	350
Electrotechnical Laboratory [ETL]	354
National Space Development Agency of Japan [NASDA]	356
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry [CRIEPI]	357
3 R&D by Private Enterprises	358
Letters from U.S. Organizations	363
Center for Space Power	365
EM & Mv Laboratory at Texas A&M	366
Space Studies Institute	368
ETM (Extraterrestrial Materials, Inc.)	370

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