is extremely limited. Their effectiveness is still more limited. If interpreted formally, they leave ample room for States to obstruct international cooperation in space and to take arbitrary decisions in disregard for 1corresponding interests' of other states." The Liability Convention makes no direct reference to consultation in the event of potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of the space environment, although Article 21 dealing with multinational assistance to areas threatened by large-scale detriment implies the need for some kind of consultation in order to make such assistance effective. Whether international agreements do or do not require wide-ranging international consultations prior to a State's embarking on a course of action that may have potentially harmful effects on the environment generally or on the space-activity interests of another State, there is a need to take into account elementary considerations of humanity. Thus, the World Court in the Corfu Channel case stated that the foregoing standard was both general and well-recognized and imposed an international responsibility on States not to expose lives to unnecessary danger. Jamming of electronic transmissions has been reserved to denying the reception of ideologically objectionable materials intentionally broadcast across international boundaries. General principles of international cooperation, as well as the Article 9 duty to consult, suggest that jamming of microwave transmissions of solar energy would be unlawful. No State has a lawful right to deny the capture and transmission of solar Sztucki, op. cit., p. 167. ^ICJ, 1949, p. 22.
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