decision makers in the political-legal arena more difficult than they ought to be. An objective of such decision makers is to obtain international agreement on the availability of geostationary orbital areas for a SPS, to obtain microwave frequency allocations to facilitate the purposes of a SPS, and to establish international microwave exposure standards so that a SPS will not produce harms from non-ionizing radiation. In both short- and long-term perspectives such agreement may lead potential users into areas of conflict, competition, cooperation or coordination, and compromise. This process involves many actors. Principally involved are the scientists and technical experts, the legal-political figures--with their security advisers at their elbows--, representatives of public and private international organizations, and in the background are those who rely on the intelligence and training of such personalities, namely, the general public. In the international space law field such competition has not excluded cooperation, particularly where common interests have been perceived. In the formation of the 1967 Principles Treaty and the 1972 Liability Agreement the consensus required at COPUOS necessitated cooperation and compromise on the part of the United States and the Soviet Union. Each was able to make concessions and each was able to bring allies to accept such judgments. The United States has been a major proponent of an orderly international space law regime. This has facilitated use of the space environment pursuant to the res communis principle. It has also resulted in formal means to impose liability and consequent damages for misuse. Although the liability net was widely thrown, it was not cast so
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