the 1973 Convention. 2.3 Harmful Interference with Natural Resources: Spectrum and Orbit Both as a practical and as a legal matter the radio frequency is treated as a natural resource. So that this natural resource may be employed beneficially and in an orderly manner the members of the ITU have accepted the concept of "Harmful Interference." This concept is set forth in identical language in the 1965 Convention Article 48 and in the 1973 Convention Article 35. Thus, it is provided that: 1. All stations, whatever their purpose, must be established and operated in such a manner as not to cause harmful interference to the radio services or communications of other Members or of recognized private operating agencies, or of other duly authorized operating agencies which carry on radio service, and which operate in accordance with the provisions of the Radio Regulations. 2. Each Member undertakes to require the private operating agencies which it recognizes and the other operating agencies duly authorized for this purpose, to observe the provisions of [paragraph 1]. 3. Further, the Members recognize the desirability of taking all practicable steps to prevent the operation of electrical apparatus and installations of all kinds from causing harmful interference to the radio services or communications mentioned in [paragraph 1]. The two Conventions carry with them a definition of the expression "Harmful Interference." Thus, in the respective Annexes 2, entitled "Definition of Certain Terms used in the Convention and in the Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union," the expression is defined as "Any emission, radiation or induction which endangers the functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety services (e.g., 'Any radiocommunication service used permanently or temporarily for the safeguarding of human life and property') or seriously degrades, obstructs
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