there is a need to plan at a world level for the most equitable, effective and economical access to and use of radio frequencies. The ITU's international radio conferences allocate usable portions of the spectrum to different communications services, including such competitive needs as fixed, mobile, broadcast, aeronautical, maritime, and space. Thus, ITU allocations to services insures against frequency interference among such competing services, as well as among the services of competing nations. Allocations also are made to three geographical regions of the world. Very roughly, Region 1 refers to Europe (including Asiatic Russia), Africa and the Middle East, Region 2 to the Western Hemisphere, and Region 3 to the Pacific Area and the Far East. When the allocations have been formally adopted by the radio conference they are published in Article 5 of the Radio Regulations in the form of a "Table of Frequency Allocations." This process has been identified as the legislative process of the ITU's radio conferences. This legislative process forms the basis for the international standards mentioned above. Neither the ITU nor the radio conferences possess the means to force compliance even though the parties have entered into international agreements having the force of law. At this stage "the frequency spectrum is distributed among different services but not directly among different countries." Country distributions are effected by regional conferences. David M. Leive, International Telecommunications and International Law: The Regulation of~The Radio Spectrum 19 (1970). 3Ibid., p. 20.
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