SPS International Agreements - Detailed

Cover	1
Title Page	3
Acknowledgements	5
Executive Summary	7
Table of Contents	9
Chapter One	13
Introduction	13
1.1 International Agreements and a SPS	13
1.2 Role of Law and International Organizations	13
1.3 National Perspectives in International OrganizationsAs	15
1.4 Composition of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space	16
1.5 Additional International Forums	17
1.6 The Possibility of Unilateral SPS Activity	19
1.7 Policy as the Product of Legal and Scientific Forces	20
Chapter Two	23
The ITU and the Allocation of the Radio Frequency Spectrum	23
2.1 Essential Powers of the ITU	23
2.2 Association by ITU of Radio Frequencies and Orbital Positions	25
2.3 Harmful Interference with Natural Resources: Spectrum and Orbit	27
2.4 The Governmental Process of the ITU	29
2.5 The Issue of Priority of Rights to Radio Frequencies	35
2.6 The 1959 ITU Radio Regulations and Space Activities	55
2.7 The 1963 ITU Radio Regulations and Space Activities	57
2.8 The 1971 ITU Radio Regulations and Space Activities, MARC ST	59
2.9 The 1977 ITU Radio Regulations and Space Activities, WARC BS	60
2.10 Assessment of Role of ITU in SPS Activities	74
ANNEX 1BASIC CHARACTERISTICS TO BE FURNISHED IN NOTICESRELATING TO SPACE STATIONS IN THE BROADCASTING-SATELLITE SERVICE	83
ANNEX 2Use of the Spectrum/Orbit Resource	84
Chapter Three	85
International Space Law and the Use of Natural Resources - Orbital Positions	85
3.1 The Orbital Position as a World Natural Resource	85
3.2 The Debate over the Number of Orbital Positions	85
3.3 The Application of International Space Law to Orbital Use	94
3.4 Preferential Claims to the Orbit Resource	101
3.5 Sovereign Claims to the Orbit Resource: The Bogota Declaration of December 3, 1976	106
3.6 Consideration of the Bogota Declaration by COPUOS	112
3.7 Present Use of the Geostationary Orbital Position is Lawful	118
Chapter Four	121
International Space Law and the Use of Natural Resources - Solar energy	121
4.1 Solar Energy as a Source of Power	121
4.2 Legalization of Use of Moon Resources by SPS	123
4.3 The 1967 Principles Treaty and High Altitude Solar Energy	126
4.4 Present Interest of COPUOS in Legal Use of Solar Energy	133
Chapter Five	135
SPS and Standards RElating to Exposure to Microwaves	135
5.1 Transmission to Earth by Microwave of Solar Energy	135
5.2 Protection Against Possible Harms from Microwaves	136
5.3 Efforts to Establish Protective Standards: Institutions	140
5.4 Efforts to Establish Protective Standards: Polic	141
5.5 The 1967 Principles Treaty and the Duty to Consult	142
ANNEX - Microwave Effects	145
Chapter Six	147
Liability for the Operation of the SPS and its Component Parts	147
6.1 Genesis of Liability Concepts in Space Law	147
6.2 Liability Provisions in the 1967 Treaty: Article 7	153
6.3 Relationship Between Articles 7 and 9	154
6.4 The Liability for Damages Convention of 1972	156
6.4.1 Non-Violation by Placing SPS into Geostationary Orbit	159
6.4.2 Incurrence of Liability from Microwave Radiation	164
6.4.3 Harmful Interference and the Matter of Damages	172
6.5 International Law Applies to Harms Caused to SPS	176
Chapter Seven	179
Prospects for a New International Conference on Space Environmant Law	179
7.1 Proposals for a Space Law Conference	179
7.2 Different Assessments Regarding the Worth of a Conference	180
7.3 Factors Involved in the Convening of a Conference	183
7.3.1 Negotiation of the 1967 Principles Treaty: Lessons	185
7.3.2 Difficulties in the Negotiations of Agreements: Other Illustrations	187
7.4 Characteristics of a Possible New International Space Organization	192
7.5 A Final Comment on Conference Strategies	200
Chapter Eight	205
Conclusion	205
Chapter Nine	213
Recommendations for Further Study	213
Bibliography	227
Appendix A: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies	243
Appendix B: BOGOTA DECLARATION	255
Appendix C: Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects	263
Appendix D: Comparison Chart of Signatory Nations for 3 Treaties	279
Appendix E: List of Nations Signatory to all 3 Treaties	285
Appendix F: Nations by Area Which are Signatory to 3 Treaties	287
Appendix G: Equatorial Nations and 4 Treaties	289
Appendix H: Time Frame Chart for Treaties	291
Appendix I: Time Frame Chart for Organizations	293
Appendix J: Time Frame Chart for Treaties and Organizations	295
Appendix K: Subjects for Futher Study	297

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