Exposure: A measure of the ionization produced in air by X or gamma radiation. It is the sum of the electrical charges on all ions of one sign produced in air when all electrons liberated by photons in a volume element of air are completely stopped in air, divided by the mass of the air in the volume element. The special unit of exposure is the roentgen. Fluence: Particles per square centimeter. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR): High-energy nuclei with origins outside our solar system, probably originating in supernova explosions of stars or in the remnants of these explosions. Geosynchronous orbit (GEO): (or Geostationary orbit). An orbit at an altitude of approximately 36,000 kilometers. Homeostasis: The steady state for equilibrium in the living body with respect to various functions and to the chemical compositions of the fluids and tissues; the processes through which such body equilibrium is maintained. High-energy, heavy ions (HZE) High energy heavy particles having a nuclear charge (Z) in excess of 2. Incidence: The rate of occurrence of a disease within a specified period of time; usually expressed in a number of cases per million (10$) per year. Ion: Atomic particle, atom, or chemical radical bearing an electrical charge, either negative or positive. Ionization: The process by which a neutral atom or molecule acquires a positive or negative charge. Primary ionization: In collision theory, the ionization produced by the primary particles as contrasted to the "total ionization" which includes the "secondary ionization" produced by delta rays. Secondary ionization: Ionization produced by delta rays. Ionization density: Number of ion pairs per unit volume.
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