CONTENTS FOREWORD.............................................................. 111 SUMMARY.............................................................. 1 Scope....................................................... 1 Environment................................................. 1 Radiation Dose............................................ 2 Health Risk Assessments................................... 2 Conclusions................................................. 3 Recommendations............................................ 4 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 5 Background ................................................. 5 The Space Environment..................................... 5 2. REFERENCE SYSTEM EVALUATION ................................. 7 Estimated Absorbed Doses and Dose Equivalents in SPS Workers.................................... 8 Low Earth Orbit......................................... 8 Transfer Ellipse ....................................... 8 Geosynchronous Orbit .................................. 8 Total 90-Day Dose Equivalent......................... 11 Assessment of Risk for Cancer Induction.............. 11 3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... 14 Health Risk Assessments ................................. 14 Conclusions............................................... 14 Recommendations ........................................... 15 APPENDIX A, SPACE RADIATION ENVIRONMENT.......................... 17 Trapped Electrons ........................................ 17 Bremsstrahlung............................................ 19 Trapped Protons .......................................... 19 Galactic Cosmic Rays...................................... 20 Solar Particle Events................................... 24 Different Effects of High- and Low-LET Radiations ... 24 Quality Factor............................................ 24 APPENDIX B, RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS IN THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 28 Early Effects............................................ 28 Late Effects.............................................. 29 Cancer..................................................... 31 Uncertainties in Dose-Response Relationships for Radiation-Induced Cancer........................ 32 Estimation of Space Radiation Induced Carcinogenic Risk in Man...................................... 34 Genetically Related Ill-Health.......................... 38 Developmental Abnormalities in the Newborn ........... 38
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