sensation of pain caused by the microwave, the 1000[mW/cm2] irradiation requires as long as 2 minutes to induce pain as shown in Table 6.4 [Michaelson, 1972]. In this case, the shallow skin temperature (1.5 mm depth) is calculated to be 46 °C when the human notices the abnormal stimulus. This temperature is high enough to create heat injury in skin. Therefore the intrinsic sensing system in the human body can not be used for the microwave alarm. Auditory Organ Some reports say that a micro wave pulse of 0.1[mW/cm2] causes a sensation of click sounds to a human. [Michaelson, S. M., 1980 / Lin, J. C., 1980 ] Now it is known that the sound is the result of small and quick thermal swelling in internal organs in human body, especially organs in the skull, such as the brain. Cardiovascular System It is well known that there is an increase of cardiovascular system activity to compensate for the body temperature increase caused by the microwave. No direct effect of microwaves on this system has been found. [Michaelson, S. M., 1980 / Lerner, E. J., 1980] Neuroendocrine System Some studies have been done on the reaction of the endocrine system to microwaves of intensity which are able to cause thermal effects on tissues. Their results show a concentration change in many kinds of hormones under microwaves irradiation. However, all of them are explained as a part of feedback reaction caused by the hypothalamic body temperature control center under thermal stimuli. [Michaelson, S. M„ 19801 Lu, S. T., Lotz, W. G., Michaelson, S. M.,1980] Bone Marrow There are many reports on this subject. It may be because of the ease of this kind of experiment. In most of the reports, the discrimination between effects of microwaves and effects of heat are insufficient, and many results conflict with each other. Therefore we can say that there is no definite knowledge on this subject. [Michaelson, S. M., 1980] Nervous System Research on the thermal effects of microwaves on the nervous system is very limited and more work needs to be done. Non-Thermal Effects of Microwaves Since 1950's, in the former Eastern block countries, it has been widely accepted that there is another kind of biological effect of microwaves which appear without any thermal effects (heating) on tissue. It is now uniquely called “non-thermal effects”. The microwave intensity to cause non-thermal effects are in general too weak to induce thermal heating in any tissue. Table 6.5 [Murakami., 1982] lists major reported non-thermal effects. Table 6.5 Major Non-Thermal Microwave-Effects Reported But as some of the results conflict with each other, most of the non-thermal effects are now regarded as a “Cheshire cat effect” which means that those effects can be seen only by those who want to see them. Here, we show some reported non-thermal effects as example.
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