Nervous System The function of the brain and nerves in animals are based on electro-chemical mechanisms. Therefore it is a fascinating idea that microwaves can directly affect on a brain without any thermal effect. Presently there are no confirmed result about non-thermal microwave effect on brain though it is already clarified that animals have some sensitivity to electric and/or magnetic fields. For example [Lerner, E. J. et al.]: • Circadian rhythm of animals extends about 20 minutes in an environment shielded against the natural electro-magnetic field of the Earth. The reason is explained to be the interaction between the brain wave and the natural electro-magnetic field which has peak frequencies at 7.8,14.1,20.3,26.4, and 32.5 Hz in its power distribution. • Another experiment says that an application of an electric field fluctuation of 10 Hz and of 0.1 mV shortened human circadian cycle. • One hundred and forty seven MHz and 1 mW/cm2 electro-magnetic wave modulated by 6- 10 Hz was applied on cat and chicken. Modulation of EEG was observed in the cat and increases of Calcium ion flux from neurons were found in the chicken. • A report says that irradiation of microwaves of pulse 0.2 mW at 1.2 GHz or continuous 2.4 mW/cm2 at 1.2 GHz can cause a temporary increase in permeability of blood brain barrier. • 2.45 GHz and 1 mW/cm2 microwave (pulse or continuous) decreases Na-dependent choline uptake in rat brain. The affected part of the brain is different depending on the type of the microwave. [Lai, H., et al., 1987] Therefore, we can say, at least, the following things. • Animal brain has some relations with the electromagnetic environment of the Earth. • The microwaves may affect an animal brain via its effects on the electromagnetic environment. • The effect of long term microwave irradiation on animal brain is still unknown. Animal Behavior There are many reports on this subject, i.e., non-thermal microwave effect on animal behavior. They use the key behaviors of animals such as discrimination ability, motion, avoidance reaction and so on, as parameters of the animal behavior. However, because of the difficulty in quantitative analysis of animal behavior, and because of the difficulty to discriminate thermal effects from non-thermal effects in animal behavior, this is still unclear. Others Here we introduce many clear and unclear results on the non-thermal microwave effect. Most of them are still unclear but the mass of these studies seems to indicate an existence of something which has not yet been discovered. From the view point of environmental/safety analysis, we can not ignore the possibility of the non-thermal effects. • Microwaves of 2.1 GHz, 5 mW/cm2 and 3 h/day x 3 months caused decrease of peripheral T-lymphocyte count in rabbit. But there was no concomitant functional impairment of these cells as evidenced by functional assays. [Nagesuari, et al„ 1991] • Pulsed microwaves of 1 mW/cm2 was observed to modify the behavioral effects produced by a drug chlordiazepoxide, widely used as a minor tranquilizer [Yeande]. • Simultaneous dosage of an anticholinesterase drug and 10 mW/cm2 at 2.8 GHz microwaves irradiation causes a slight body temperature decline which can not be observed under dosage of only one of them [Asani, et al., 1980] • Irradiation of a microwave 10 mW/cm2,1.0 GHz depressed DNA synthesis in a kind of leukemia cell [Chang, et al., 1980]. Conclusions and Advice about Electromagnetic Effects for the Biota From the view point of living organisms, the following items are recommended for the space solar power program designing.
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