The payload delivered to Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) by the Nuclear Electric OTV is 35,000 kg. 8.3 Space Transportation Systems Under Development In the next ten years, few new launcher developments are to be awaited. In fact, it is most probable that all the new launchers that will appear before 2002 are already under development. Here is a list of the main ones: Ariane 5 (Europe) Ariane 5 is the successor of Ariane 4. It is developed to lower the launch costs, to increase the European payload capability in GEO, to have a large payload (20 tons class) in LEO and to provide Europe with a manned launcher (therefore its reliability objectives are higher). In addition, Ariane 5 offers a larger diameter shroud (the maximum payload diameter is 4570 mm). This launcher is a completely new design. It includes the following main elements: • a central cryogenic core, the Etage Principal Cryotechnique (EPC) with one O2/H2 engine, the Vulcain; • two solid rocket boosters strapped to the side of the EPC, the Etage d'Acceleration ii Poudre (EAP); • a second stage, the Etage a Propergols Stockables (EPS); • a Vehicle Equipment Bay (VEB); • a 5400 mm diameter fairing. Figure 8.4 The Ariane 5 launcher The launcher is presented in its unmanned version. The first flight of Ariane 5 is at the present time scheduled in October 1995, with the Cluster science mission. The development phase is running smoothly and the new ELA-3 launch installations are now being completed in French Guiana.
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