heating/cooling of residential and commercial buildings. As the amount of energy used per capita is mainly influenced by how efficient energy is used and by the effectiveness of energy conservation, this growth is not expected to continue at the same rate because of factors like improvements of technology standard, availability of resources and environmental problems involving pollution, safety and hazards. OECD countries use approximately 48% of global primary energy whereas LCD countries use 16%. [Mayur, 1991] For example an average farmer in Asia uses less than 1% of the energy consumed by an average American. The current energy needs are about 12 TWy/year (note that 1 TWy/year = 8760 TWh/year) [Dechamps, 1991]. Per capita use varies from about 52560 to 65700 kWh/year for OECD countries to about 8760 kWh/year for developing countries. [Martin, 1991] Due to limited data energy consumption breakdown for OECD countries in this context includes only energy generated from fossil fuels. The energy use is divided in four different categories: residential, commercial, industrial and transportation. The definitions for these terms are as follows: Residential means energy consumption in private households, commercial includes public buildings, offices, stores, schools, hospitals, and others. Industry and manufacturing include primary metals, chemicals, petroleum and coal products, paper and allied products, food products, stone, clay and glass, agriculture, mining and construction, and petrochemical feedstocks. Transportation includes all vehicles such as cars, buses, trucks, ships and air transport. Breakdown Results for OECD Energy intensity is defined as the ratio of energy consumption per capita per year to the capita gross domestic product per capita per year. Thus energy intensity reflects the combination of energy consumption and the economic development of a country. Energy intensity is not only affected by factors such as geographical location, climate and consumer behavior, but also by the structure of the available primary energy sources, technical and economic standards of energy production and consumption. [Levai, Jaszay, 1991] The so-called energy intensity showed a decline between 1973- 1986 both in Europe and USA at an average rate of 2.2% and 2.4% per year respectively, due to improved efficiency in energy use. [Goldemberg, 1991] The energy breakdown as shown in Figures 2.1. and 2.2. contains only fossil fuels use in the USA, but we assume that the consumption pattern in the other developed countries is similar to that of USA. Fuels in this context are raw natural resources such as oil, natural gas and coal. These graphs indicate that the relative percentage of energy consumption did not change significantly during a time span of 13 years, although the absolute energy use is still increasing. We could not find data for similar energy end use breakdown for developing countries, but it is assumed that the overall energy consumption behavior in relative terms is very similar to that of developed countries (see below). Breakdown Results for LDC Energy consumption has been increasing linearly in developing countries for the last decades. Regarding the growing population and the development goal to be achieved - reduction of poverty - increased use in energy and raw materials will be required. Developed countries are asked to help in this situation mainly by bringing new technologies to these countries and hence improve efficiency in energy production, end use, conservation and resource development. The data we present here are from Brazil, which can be used as a model for a developing country. [Reddy, Goldemberg, 1990] The end-use breakdown is only related to electricity use in typical household and is compared to USA household energy use. The data indicate that the energy use habits of the non industrialized world have a generally similar pattern, although their levels of total energy consumption are much lower in absolute terms. • Brazil residential energy consumption: 1460 kWh/year • USA residential energy consumption: 7345 kWh/year Note that these values compared to the total energy consumption values given on the previous paragraph (energy breakdown) match to those shown in Figure 2.2. If the present trend continues, in about 25 years the LDC's energy consumption will reach the present state of consumption in the industrialized countries. [Goldemberg, 1990] Assuming that the population growth is mainly located in these regions, a great increase in energy demand will occur. Hopefully developing countries will be able to use energy saving techniques created by richer ones and hence have a benefit in terms of more
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTU5NjU0Mg==