| Cover |
1 |
| Title Page |
3 |
| Gerard K. O'Neill Dedication |
5 |
| Acknowledgements |
7 |
| Faculty Preface |
9 |
| Class Signatures |
11 |
| Authors List |
13 |
| Design Project Faculty |
15 |
| Table of Contents |
17 |
| Executive Summary |
35 |
| I. Problem Statement |
35 |
| II. Space Solar Power Program Development Plan |
37 |
| III. Program Framework: Business Opportunities, Environmental Concerns & Organizational Issues |
43 |
| IV. Program Engineering: Space Power & Infrastructure |
45 |
| Power |
45 |
| Transportation |
46 |
| Manufacturing, Construction, & Operations |
46 |
| V. Program Design Examples |
48 |
| Space to Space |
48 |
| Space to Earth |
48 |
| Earth to Space |
49 |
| Mid term 1 MW Class Space to Earth |
50 |
| VI. Conclusion: Results & Recommendations |
51 |
| 1 Introduction |
57 |
| 1.1 Vision for the Project |
57 |
| 1.2 Space Solar Power Program Statement of Work |
58 |
| 1.3 An Historical Perspective for Space Solar Power |
59 |
| 1.4 General assumptions |
62 |
| References |
65 |
| 2 Energy Analysis |
67 |
| 2.1 Terrestrial Energy Demand and Models |
67 |
| 2.1.1 Current Energy Consumption |
67 |
| Energy Breakdown |
67 |
| Breakdown Results for OECD |
68 |
| Breakdown Results for LDC |
68 |
| Breakdown Results for FEB |
69 |
| Conservation |
69 |
| Extracted Trends |
70 |
| Residential and Public / Commercial Buildings |
70 |
| Industry and Manufacturing |
70 |
| TransportationOne half of the world's |
70 |
| 2.1.2 Future Energy Consumption |
70 |
| Predictions |
70 |
| 2.1.3 Population Growth and Energy Demand Models |
71 |
| UN Population Growth Model with Extended World Bank Version |
71 |
| Future Energy Usage Projection Model by Lomer |
72 |
| New Options for Energy Model by Dessus and Pharabod |
73 |
| Oak Ridge Long Term Global Energy CO2 Model by Edmonds and Reilly |
73 |
| 2.1.4 Conclusion |
74 |
| 2.2 Terrestrial Energy Supply |
74 |
| 2.2.1 Energy Sources |
75 |
| 2.2.2 Major Uses and Conversion of Primary Energy |
80 |
| Transportation |
80 |
| Vehicles with External Energy Supply |
81 |
| Vehicles with Direct Conversion |
81 |
| Wind powered vehicles |
81 |
| Solar powered vehicles |
81 |
| Vehicles with their Own Internal Energy Storage |
81 |
| Chemical storage |
81 |
| Solid fuel |
82 |
| Electric energy storage |
82 |
| Nuclear power |
82 |
| Electricity Production |
82 |
| Dynamic Electric Conversion (Electric Generator) |
82 |
| Direct dynamic |
83 |
| Thermo dynamic conversion |
83 |
| Direct conversion |
83 |
| Features of Electric Generators |
84 |
| Direct Heat Production (Non Electric) |
85 |
| 2.2.3 Cost of Terrestrial Energy |
85 |
| 2.3 Space Energy |
88 |
| Uses of Energy in Space |
88 |
| Locations of Energy Demand in Space |
90 |
| Trans-atmospheric |
90 |
| Earth Orbit |
90 |
| Interplanetary |
90 |
| Interstellar |
90 |
| Providing Space Power |
90 |
| References |
92 |
| 3 Markets |
93 |
| 3.1 Market Analysis |
93 |
| 3.1.1 Near-Term Applications |
93 |
| Space |
93 |
| Power Beaming for Geostationary Based End Users |
94 |
| Geostationary Market Size and Value |
94 |
| Low Equatorial and Polar and Other Orbit Markets |
95 |
| Summary of Market Analysis for Near Term Applications in Space |
95 |
| Earth Applications |
95 |
| Remote Locations |
96 |
| Developing Remote Locations |
96 |
| Power Relay |
97 |
| Peak Power |
98 |
| 3.1.2 Mid-Term Applications |
98 |
| Space Applications |
99 |
| Satellites |
99 |
| Electric Propulsion Systems |
104 |
| Assessment for Mid Term |
105 |
| Earth Applications |
105 |
| Remote Locations |
106 |
| Developing Remote Locations |
106 |
| Power Relay |
106 |
| Peak Power |
106 |
| 3.1.3 Long Term Markets |
107 |
| 3.2 Marketing |
109 |
| 3.2.1 Product identification |
110 |
| 3.2.2 Players Involved |
111 |
| 3.2.3 Potential/Spin-off Determination |
111 |
| 3.2.4 Pricing |
112 |
| Price Estimation |
113 |
| 3.2.5 Promotion & Publicity |
115 |
| 3.3 Marketing and Financing Schedule |
116 |
| References |
119 |
| 4 Overall Development Plan |
121 |
| 4.1 Program Requirements |
121 |
| 4.2 Identification of System Drivers |
121 |
| 4.2.1 Political and Social |
122 |
| 4.2.2 Environmental and Safety |
123 |
| 4.2.3 Business |
124 |
| Market |
124 |
| Finance. |
124 |
| Cost competitiveness |
124 |
| 4.2.4 Technical |
124 |
| 4.3 Technology Options |
125 |
| 4.3.1 Power Options |
125 |
| 4.3.2 Engineering Space Technologies |
127 |
| Control of Space Structures |
127 |
| Space Construction |
127 |
| Resources |
127 |
| 4.3.3 Space Transportation |
128 |
| 4.4 Technology Development Plan |
128 |
| 4.5 Non-technical versus Technical Interaction |
134 |
| 4.6 Overall Schedule |
136 |
| References |
140 |
| 5 Organizational Plan |
141 |
| 5.1 International Cooperation |
141 |
| 5.1.1 New Factors in International Space Cooperation |
141 |
| 5.1.2 Objectives in Space Under the New Regime |
142 |
| 5.1.3 International Political Implications of the Space Solar Power Program |
142 |
| 5.2 Organizational Structure |
143 |
| Signatories |
143 |
| Board of Governors |
143 |
| International Inclusion |
144 |
| The Executive Body |
144 |
| 5.2.2 Management Structure |
144 |
| Director General |
146 |
| Secretarial Staff |
146 |
| Administration |
146 |
| Marketing: |
146 |
| Public Relations |
146 |
| Program Manager |
146 |
| Product Assurance |
146 |
| Systems Engineer: |
146 |
| Project Scientist |
147 |
| Configuration ControL |
147 |
| Program Control |
147 |
| Sub-Program Manager |
147 |
| The Space to Space Beaming Demonstrator ($80M) Management |
148 |
| The Space to Earth Beaming Demonstrator ($800M) Management |
148 |
| 5.3 Legal Framework |
149 |
| 5.3.1 Some Legal Aspects Of Outer Space |
149 |
| 5.3.2 The Utilization Of Earth Orbits And Radio Frequency Spectrum |
152 |
| 5.3.3 Technology Transfer & Intellectual Property |
154 |
| International Solar Power Organization |
154 |
| Individual Contractors |
154 |
| Intellectual Property |
154 |
| 5.3.4 Some Responsibility And Liability Issues Surrounding Solar Power Satellite Activities |
155 |
| 5.3.5 Insurance |
157 |
| Cross-waivers |
157 |
| 5.3.6 Dispute Resolution |
157 |
| Arbitration |
157 |
| Waivers |
158 |
| Notices |
158 |
| Applicability of Supervening Law and Severability of the Arbitration Clause |
158 |
| Incorporation and Survivability |
158 |
| 5.3.7 Schedule |
159 |
| 5.4 Security Issues |
161 |
| 5.4.1 Technology Transfer |
162 |
| Transfer of Military Technology |
162 |
| Transfer of Critical Technology for Industry |
162 |
| 5.4.2 Increasing Vulnerability and Interdependency |
162 |
| 5.4.3 Concluding Remarks |
163 |
| 5.5 External Relations |
164 |
| 5.5.1 External Relations with Governments, Industry and International Organizations |
164 |
| Approaching Governments |
164 |
| Developed Countries |
164 |
| Developing Countries |
165 |
| Approaching International Organizations |
165 |
| Approaching Industry |
165 |
| The Utilities |
166 |
| Contractor and Manufacturers |
166 |
| Financial Institutions and Insurance Brokers |
166 |
| Summary |
167 |
| 5.5.2 Coordination with the Scientific Community |
167 |
| Interfacing with the Scientific Community |
168 |
| Specific Areas of Scientific Interest |
169 |
| Atmospheric Physics |
169 |
| Effects on Biota |
169 |
| Effects on Electronics |
169 |
| Interference with Communications and Astronomy |
169 |
| Solar Physics |
169 |
| Materials Development |
170 |
| Power Technologies |
170 |
| Budgets - Overall Picture |
170 |
| Budgets - Others Working on Alternative Energy |
170 |
| Health of Space Workers |
170 |
| Communications Technologies |
170 |
| Perception of Science |
171 |
| Conclusions |
171 |
| 5.5.3 General Public |
171 |
| Education |
172 |
| General Concerns |
172 |
| Educational Policy |
174 |
| Presentations |
176 |
| Image and Information Policy |
176 |
| Image Policy |
176 |
| Corporate Identity |
177 |
| Information Policy |
177 |
| Media Relations |
178 |
| Television |
178 |
| Radio |
179 |
| Public Networks |
179 |
| Print |
179 |
| References |
180 |
| 6 Environmental and Safety Issues |
181 |
| 6.1 Effects of Transmission of Energy |
181 |
| 6.1.1 Propagation of the Beam through the Atmosphere |
181 |
| Interactions with the Ionosphere |
182 |
| Effects on the Lower Atmosphere |
183 |
| Power Leakage at Rectenna Site |
183 |
| Recommendations and Conclusions |
184 |
| 6.1.2 Electromagnetic Effects on Biota |
184 |
| Considerations for Laser Beam Usage |
184 |
| The Effect of Laser Beam on Animal Retina and Iris |
184 |
| The Thermal Effect of the Laser Beam |
186 |
| Conclusion and Advice about the Usage of Laser Beam |
186 |
| Energy Emission in and from the Rectenna Site |
186 |
| A General Aspect on the Usage of the Microwave Beam |
187 |
| Human Protection Standard Against Microwave |
187 |
| Thermal Effect of Microwaves |
188 |
| Effects upon Whole Body Irradiation |
188 |
| Eyes |
189 |
| Testis |
190 |
| Sensory Organ |
190 |
| Auditory Organ |
191 |
| Cardiovascular System |
191 |
| Neuroendocrine System |
191 |
| Bone Marrow |
191 |
| Nervous System |
191 |
| Non-Thermal Effects of Microwaves |
191 |
| Nervous System |
192 |
| Animal Behavior |
192 |
| Others |
192 |
| Conclusions and Advice about Electromagnetic Effects for the Biota |
192 |
| Other Considerations |
194 |
| Epidemiological Studies |
194 |
| Electromagnetic Effects on Biota of the Antarctic Continent |
194 |
| 6.1.3 Interference with Electronic Devices |
194 |
| 6.2 Satellite Construction Effects |
196 |
| 6.2.1 Launch Support Industry Effects |
196 |
| 6.2.2 Launch Effects |
196 |
| Effects on the Atmosphere |
196 |
| Effects on the Ocean |
197 |
| Potential Launch Failure |
197 |
| Pollution Effect on Biota |
198 |
| Air Pollution |
198 |
| Thermal Effects |
198 |
| Noise Effects |
198 |
| Hearing Damage |
198 |
| Speech Interference |
198 |
| Sleep interference |
198 |
| 6.2.3 On-Orbit Construction Effects |
199 |
| Crew Health and Safety Concerns |
200 |
| Radiation |
200 |
| Radiation Dose Concept |
200 |
| Radiation Effects on Biological Tissue |
201 |
| Space Radiation Protection |
201 |
| Cardiovascular Adaptation |
202 |
| Musculo-Skeletal Effects |
203 |
| Decompression Sickness |
203 |
| Space Adaptation Syndrome |
203 |
| Crew Selection and Psychological Considerations |
204 |
| Medical Facilities and Crew Habitat |
204 |
| Rescue and Recovery |
205 |
| Life Support System |
206 |
| Extravehicular Activity |
206 |
| Man and Machine Coordination |
206 |
| Suit Design and Human Factors |
207 |
| 6.2.4 Lunar Operation Effects |
207 |
| 6.3 Rectenna Effects |
209 |
| 6.3.1 Construction |
209 |
| Socio-Economic Effects of Construction |
209 |
| Ecological Effects of Construction |
209 |
| 6.3.2 Climate and Socio-Economic Modification |
210 |
| Climate Modification by Rectenna Operation |
210 |
| Socio-Economic Effects of Rectenna Operation |
210 |
| 6.4 Security and Maintenance |
211 |
| Overall Considerations |
211 |
| 6.5 Planning and Scheduling |
212 |
| References |
215 |
| 7 Power Systems |
219 |
| 7.1 Solar to Electric Conversion |
219 |
| 7.1.1 Photovoltaics |
219 |
| c-Si & a-Si (Silicon) |
219 |
| GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) |
220 |
| InP (Indium Phosphide) |
221 |
| CulnSe2 (Copper Indium Diselenide) |
221 |
| CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) |
221 |
| Thin-film Cascades |
223 |
| Solar Array Paddle |
223 |
| Problems of Large Scale Solar Array Wing |
223 |
| 7.1.2 Solar Dynamic Systems |
224 |
| Introduction |
224 |
| Solar Dynamic Systems Elements |
224 |
| Concentrators |
224 |
| Receivers [Eguchi K,1992] |
225 |
| Power Conversion Unit |
226 |
| Rankine Cycle |
226 |
| Brayton Cycle |
227 |
| Stirling Cycle |
227 |
| Heat Rejection Assembly |
230 |
| Interface Structure |
230 |
| Electrical Equipment |
230 |
| Ground Demonstrations |
230 |
| Past and Present Systems |
230 |
| Brayton Cycle Systems |
230 |
| Stirling Engine |
230 |
| Future Ground Systems |
231 |
| High Temperature Stirling Space Engine |
231 |
| Space Station Ground Demonstrator |
231 |
| Dynamic Isotope Power System, DIPS |
231 |
| Future Space Applications |
231 |
| Space Station Freedom (SSF) |
231 |
| Space Flyer Unit (JETRO,1991) |
231 |
| Small Satellites |
232 |
| 7.1.3 Comparison of Photovoltaics with Solar Dynamic Systems for Power Collection |
233 |
| Efficiency |
233 |
| Space Qualification |
233 |
| Costing of System |
233 |
| Orbit Selection |
233 |
| Other Factors |
234 |
| Pointing |
234 |
| Heat Rejection |
234 |
| 7.1.4 New Technologies |
234 |
| Thermoelectric Generator Concept |
235 |
| Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) Generator |
235 |
| New Concept of Thermal Engine Called “Gyroreactors” |
236 |
| Liquid Droplet Radiator |
237 |
| 7.2 Power Transmission |
240 |
| 7.2.1 Microwave Transmission |
240 |
| Microwave Antennas |
240 |
| Atmospheric Effects |
244 |
| Microwave Power Transmission |
246 |
| Microwave Tubes |
247 |
| Linear Beam Tubes: Klystrons |
247 |
| Crossed-field Tubes: Magnetrons |
247 |
| Fast-wave Tubes: Gyrotrons |
247 |
| Solid State Microwave Devices |
247 |
| Rectenna |
247 |
| Minimum Power Density Estimation |
249 |
| Different Kinds of Rectennas |
251 |
| New Microwave Technologies |
251 |
| Integrated Microwave Antenna and Solar Cell |
252 |
| New FET Microwave Transmitter |
252 |
| Magnicons For Microwave Space Power Beaming |
253 |
| 7.2.2 Laser |
254 |
| Conversion |
254 |
| Electric Discharge Laser |
254 |
| Solar Pumped Lasers |
254 |
| Free Electron Laser |
256 |
| Chemical Laser |
257 |
| Laser Diode Array |
257 |
| Transmission |
257 |
| Laser Receiver |
258 |
| Receptors |
258 |
| Converters |
259 |
| Laser Applications |
260 |
| Laser Beamed Power To Photovoltaic Receivers |
260 |
| Conclusion |
261 |
| 7.3 Receiver Location |
261 |
| 7.4 Power Systems for Demonstrations |
265 |
| References |
266 |
| 8 Space Transportation |
269 |
| 8.1 Operational Space Transportation Systems |
269 |
| 8.1.1 Review and Analysis of Earth To Orbit Launchers |
269 |
| Review of Operational Launchers |
269 |
| Analysis of Operational Launchers |
271 |
| Cost Analysis and Pricing of Operational Launchers |
272 |
| 8.1.2 Piggy-back Options & Small Launch Vehicles |
273 |
| Review and Analysis of Piggy-back Options |
273 |
| Ariane 4 - ASAP (Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads) |
273 |
| Ariane 4 - Ultra Short Spelda (USS) |
274 |
| Eureca Platform |
274 |
| SpaceLab |
274 |
| SpaceHab |
274 |
| GAS Can & GAS CAP |
275 |
| Hitchhiker System |
275 |
| SPAS |
275 |
| Atlas 2 & Delta 2 |
275 |
| RUSSIA (CIS) |
275 |
| CHINA (FSW) |
276 |
| Review and Analysis of Small Launch Vehicles |
276 |
| 8.2 Review and Analysis of Upper Stages/Orbital Transfer Vehicles |
278 |
| 8.2.1 Definitions |
278 |
| 8.2.2 Present Status of Upper Stages/OTV's |
280 |
| 8.2.3 OTV Analysis |
280 |
| Market Survey |
280 |
| Performance Requirements |
281 |
| OTV Cost |
282 |
| Conclusion - OTV in the Near Future (> 1997) |
282 |
| 8.2.4 Future In-Orbit Vehicles |
282 |
| Electric Propulsion Orbital Transfer Vehicles |
282 |
| Conclusions |
283 |
| 8.3 Space Transportation Systems Under Development |
285 |
| Ariane 5 (Europe) |
285 |
| H-2 (Japan) |
286 |
| Taurus (United States) |
287 |
| 8.4 Previous Studies |
287 |
| 8.4.1 Satellite Power System (SPS) Reference Concept Description |
288 |
| 8.4.2 Space Transportation Systems (STS) Studied. |
288 |
| Earth-to-Orbit vehicles |
288 |
| Orbit Transfer Vehicles |
290 |
| Transportation cost analysis |
292 |
| Some 1992's Comments |
293 |
| 8.4.3 Previous Heavy Launchers |
294 |
| Introduction |
294 |
| The Saturn Family (United States) |
294 |
| G-1-e Launcher (Soviet Union) |
294 |
| 8.5 Future Space Transportation Systems |
296 |
| 8.5.1 What is Insufficient with Today's Space Transportation Infrastructure ? |
296 |
| Why do We Have the Current “Rocky Path' Space Transportation Infrastructure ? |
296 |
| What are the Current Thoughts for Near Term Decrease the Cost ? |
297 |
| What are the Thoughts for Future Improved Space Transportation Systems? What are the Future Customers Requirements ? |
297 |
| 8.5.2 Personnel Transport |
297 |
| Ballistic SSTO Space Transportation systems |
297 |
| Results |
298 |
| Space Transportation Systems for the 21st century—Spaceplanes |
298 |
| Trends Towards Next Generation Space Transportation Systems |
298 |
| Spaceplane - A Reusable Winged Single Stage to Orbit |
299 |
| Two Stage to Orbit |
300 |
| 8.5.3 Priority Cargo |
300 |
| Saturn 5 - Feasibility of Improvement |
300 |
| Improvement of First Stage Engine |
300 |
| Additional Boosters for the First Stage |
301 |
| Big Dumb Booster - Pressure Fed with Large High Thrust Engines |
301 |
| 8.5.4 Bulk |
301 |
| RAM Accelerator |
301 |
| 8.6 Technology Assumptions |
301 |
| Lowering the Cost of Space Transportation |
302 |
| 8.6.1 Metallized Propellants |
302 |
| 8.6.2 Lightweight Upper Stages |
302 |
| Electric Propulsion |
302 |
| Chemical Propulsion |
302 |
| Light weight Structures |
303 |
| 8.6.3 High Energy Density Propellants |
303 |
| 8.6.4 Aerobrake/Aerocapture |
303 |
| 8.6.5 Air Breathing Propulsion |
303 |
| 8.6.6 Slush Hydrogen |
304 |
| 8.6.7 In-Situ Propellants |
304 |
| 8.6.8 Mass Drivers |
304 |
| 8.6.9 Gun Propulsion |
304 |
| 8.6.10 Laser Propulsion |
304 |
| 8.6.11 Nuclear Thermal Propulsion |
304 |
| 8.6.12 Materials |
305 |
| Structural Materials |
305 |
| Heat Resistant Composite Materials |
306 |
| 8.6.13 Mission Applications |
306 |
| Earth to Orbit |
306 |
| Orbital Transfer |
306 |
| Lunar |
307 |
| 8.7 Lunar Transportation |
307 |
| 8.7.1 Conventional Chemical LO2/LH2 Propulsion |
307 |
| Lunar Bus (LB) |
308 |
| Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV) |
308 |
| Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicle (AOTV) |
308 |
| 8.7.2 Electric Propulsion |
309 |
| 8.7.3 Nuclear Thermal Propulsion |
311 |
| 8.7.4 Mass Driver |
312 |
| Summary |
312 |
| 8.8 Scheduling |
312 |
| 8.9 Conclusions |
313 |
| References |
314 |
| 9 Space Manufacturing, Construction, & Operations |
315 |
| 9.1 A Matter of Scale |
315 |
| Problems on Earth |
316 |
| The Lunar Solution |
316 |
| Base Power |
317 |
| 9.2 Structures |
318 |
| 9.2.1 Modeling |
318 |
| Multibody Dynamics |
318 |
| Modal Representation |
319 |
| 9.2.2 Control |
320 |
| Classical, Optimal-Quadratic and Nonlinear Control Design |
321 |
| Robust Control Design |
321 |
| Control of Large Space Structures: A Reduced Order Model (ROM)/Residual Mode Filter (RMF) Design Concept |
322 |
| 9.3 Construction/Assembly Operations |
324 |
| 9.3.1 Construction of Erectable Structures |
324 |
| Engineering Overlap Issues |
325 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages |
329 |
| 9.3.2 Deployable Structures |
329 |
| Design Considerations |
329 |
| Deployable Structures |
330 |
| Conclusions |
332 |
| 9.3.3 Schedule Issues for Deployable and Assembled Structures |
333 |
| 9.4 Non-Terrestrial Resource Utilization |
334 |
| 9.4.1 Lunar Resources |
334 |
| Lunar Oxygen |
335 |
| Other Basic Processing Capabilities |
336 |
| 9.4.2 Other Non-terrestrial Resources |
336 |
| 9.4.3 Non-terrestrial Resources Development Program Schedule |
337 |
| 9.5 In-Space Manufacturing |
340 |
| 9.5.1 Lunar Manufacturing |
340 |
| 9.5.2 In-Space Manufacturing |
341 |
| 9.5.3 Schedule Issues for Space Manufacturing Technology |
341 |
| References |
344 |
| 10 Design Examples |
347 |
| 10.1 Near-Term Earth to Space |
347 |
| 10.1.1 Facilities |
347 |
| 10.1.2 Orbital Considerations |
349 |
| 10.1.3 Mission Objectives |
351 |
| 10.1.4 Vehicle Configuration |
352 |
| 10.1.4b Program Costs |
354 |
| 10.1.5 Time-Table |
354 |
| 10.1.6 Alternative Possibilities |
355 |
| References |
356 |
| 10.2 Space to Space Demonstration |
357 |
| 10.2.1 Mission Objectives |
357 |
| 10.2.2 Mission Scenario |
357 |
| 10.2.3 System Level Design |
359 |
| Power Beaming |
360 |
| Phased Array General Characteristics |
361 |
| Phased Array Electrical Characteristics |
361 |
| Beam Control |
362 |
| Transmission Efficiency |
363 |
| Rectenna Characteristics |
365 |
| Thermal Control |
365 |
| Mechanisms and Structures |
366 |
| Electrical Interfaces to Mir and Progress |
367 |
| Guidance and Control |
368 |
| Command and Data Handling |
369 |
| Environment and Safety Issues |
370 |
| Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility |
371 |
| 10.2.4 System Budgets and Scheduling |
371 |
| Power Budget |
371 |
| Mass Budget and Schedule |
371 |
| Cost Estimation |
375 |
| 10.2.5 Conclusions |
375 |
| References |
377 |
| 10.3 Space to Earth Demonstration |
378 |
| 10.3.1 Project Description |
378 |
| Problems With Current Energy Sources |
378 |
| Alternative Energy Sources |
379 |
| Effects of Beamed Power (Scientific Measurement) |
379 |
| Effects of Beamed Power (Living Organisms) |
380 |
| Regulatory Considerations |
381 |
| Market Value |
381 |
| 10.3.2 Mission Analysis |
382 |
| Altitude Selection |
382 |
| Orbit Selection |
382 |
| Launcher |
383 |
| Power Generation and Beaming Analysis |
383 |
| Power Generation |
383 |
| Power Conversion and Transmission |
383 |
| Power Flux Density |
384 |
| Conclusion |
384 |
| 10.3.3 Space Segment |
385 |
| Baseline Design (Photovoltaic Power Generation) |
385 |
| Satellite General Architecture |
385 |
| Solar Array Sizing |
385 |
| Phased Array Antenna |
387 |
| Subsystem assessment |
388 |
| Structure |
388 |
| Thermal Control |
388 |
| Attitude and Orbit Control |
394 |
| Assumptions |
394 |
| Sensors |
394 |
| Actuators |
394 |
| Platform Electrical Architecture |
394 |
| TT&C and Data Handling |
396 |
| Input/Output (I/O) Requirement for Telemetry and Command |
397 |
| RF Communication Equipment and Antenna |
397 |
| Budgets |
397 |
| Spacecraft Power estimation |
397 |
| Spacecraft Mass Estimation |
397 |
| Spacecraft Cost Estimation |
398 |
| Alternative Design (Solar Dynamic Power generation) |
399 |
| System Requirements |
399 |
| Spacecraft Configuration Options |
400 |
| Solar Concentrators Concepts |
400 |
| Possible Spacecraft Configurations |
400 |
| Radiator Configuration |
401 |
| Phased Array Configuration |
401 |
| SDS Power Generation Design |
402 |
| Solar Concentrator |
402 |
| Gyroreactor Engine |
402 |
| Costing |
403 |
| 10.3.4 Ground Segment |
403 |
| 10.3.5 Scheduling |
404 |
| 10.3.6 Summary and Conclusions |
405 |
| Conclusion of the $800 M Design Example |
405 |
| 100 kW Early Commercial Design Example |
405 |
| High Level Requirements |
405 |
| Mission Analysis |
408 |
| Orbit Selection |
408 |
| Launcher |
408 |
| Beaming Analysis |
408 |
| References |
410 |
| 10.4 Megawatt Class Demonstration |
411 |
| 10.4.1Constraints |
411 |
| Orbit Choice |
411 |
| 10.4.2 Platform Design/Sizing |
412 |
| Manned vs. Automated Deployment |
412 |
| Assembly and Construction |
414 |
| Basic Topology Trades |
416 |
| Power Collection: Photovoltaic vs. Solar Dynamic |
416 |
| PV Material Selection/Suitability |
417 |
| Power Subsystem |
417 |
| Transmitter Design |
418 |
| Rectenna Considerations |
420 |
| Thermal Control During Mission Phases |
420 |
| Propulsion Subsystem |
420 |
| Drag Compensation |
421 |
| Orbit Raising |
422 |
| Attitude Control |
425 |
| Mass Assumption |
425 |
| Recommendations and Critical Issues |
426 |
| Engineering Aspects |
426 |
| Energy Aspects |
427 |
| 10.4.3 Concept Summary |
427 |
| Cost |
428 |
| Notes |
428 |
| General |
428 |
| Launch Cost Notes |
433 |
| 10.4.4 Scheduling |
433 |
| 10.4.5 Summary and Conclusions |
435 |
| References |
437 |
| 11 Finance |
439 |
| 11.1 Costing and Economic Analysis |
439 |
| 11.1.1 Space Based Early Commercial Uses - Costing and Viability |
439 |
| The Net Present Value |
439 |
| Ground to Space Power Beaming |
440 |
| Near Term |
441 |
| Mid to Long Term |
442 |
| Ground to Space Power Beaming using Microwaves |
443 |
| Conclusion |
443 |
| Space to Space Power Beaming |
444 |
| The Mid to Long Term Market |
444 |
| Conclusion |
445 |
| Summary of Space Based Early Commercial Uses |
445 |
| 11.1.2 Space to Earth |
446 |
| Spacecraft |
449 |
| Space Construction and Support |
450 |
| Transportation |
450 |
| Ground Receiving Station |
451 |
| Management and Integration |
452 |
| Conclusions |
453 |
| 11.2.1 Financial Sources Overview |
453 |
| Sources of Funds |
453 |
| Capital Market |
453 |
| Financial Institutions |
453 |
| Venture Capital |
454 |
| The General Public |
454 |
| Governmental Support |
454 |
| Manufacturer's Assistance |
454 |
| Interest |
454 |
| Currency Risk |
454 |
| Government Funding |
455 |
| International Funding |
456 |
| Private Funding |
456 |
| 11.2.2 Financial Risk Analysis |
456 |
| Market Risk |
457 |
| Management Risk |
457 |
| Political Risk |
458 |
| Environmental Risk |
458 |
| Technical Risk |
459 |
| Other Risks |
460 |
| 11.2.3 Staged Plan for Financing |
460 |
| Plan for Space to Earth Solar Power |
460 |
| Demonstration 1 |
460 |
| Demonstration 2 |
461 |
| First business application |
461 |
| Intermediate business application |
461 |
| Large scale implementation |
462 |
| Plan for space to space solar power |
462 |
| Commercialization of ISPO |
462 |
| 11.2.4 Financial Options for the SSPP staged plan |
463 |
| Space to Earth solar power |
464 |
| Demonstration 1 (Budgetry requirement $80M) |
464 |
| Demonstration 2 (Budgetry requirement $800M) |
464 |
| First Business applications (Budgetry requirement $2.3BN) |
464 |
| Large scale applications (Budgetry requirements $15BN) |
464 |
| Full Scale Power Delivery (Budgetry Requirement $23BN) |
465 |
| Space to Space Solar Power |
465 |
| Demonstration 1 |
465 |
| Demonstration 2 |
465 |
| First-Business Applications |
465 |
| Mid-term Applications |
465 |
| 11.3.1 Financial Revenue Forecasts |
465 |
| Demonstrations 1 and 2 |
466 |
| First Business Application |
468 |
| First large scale application |
468 |
| 11.3.2 Conclusions |
470 |
| Commercial aspects of beamed power supply for space applications |
470 |
| Cost sensitivity of ISPO programs |
471 |
| Financial risk analysis |
471 |
| Market risks |
471 |
| Management risks |
471 |
| Environmental Risk |
471 |
| Technical Risks |
471 |
| Financial source utilization for ISPO development |
472 |
| Financial Viability |
472 |
| References |
473 |
| Appendix A: Summary of Proposed Design Examples |
475 |
| Laser/Space-to-Space |
476 |
| Power for g-gravity platform |
476 |
| Peak power for Earth |
476 |
| SPS constellation |
476 |
| Deployable (Inflatable/Rigidizable) |
476 |
| Power beaming for Space Transportation |
476 |
| $800 M/Deployed/SPS 2000-class |
476 |
| Space(Space Shattle)-to-Space |
476 |
| Ground-to-Space-to-Space |
476 |
| Antarctic Power Satellite Program (Space to Earth Demonstration) |
476 |
| 1MW class SPS |
476 |
| SPS for Peak power market |
477 |
| Lunar SPS application |
477 |
| Lunar Resources |
477 |
| Space Transportation Demo for SSPP transportation cost reduction |
477 |
| Power Transmission Demonstration for satellites in GEO |
477 |
| Observing satellite and high-altitude balloon |
477 |
| Microwave power beaming using small airplane |
477 |
| SPS for the scientific rover on the Lunar surface |
477 |
| Appendix B: Lunar Rover |
479 |
| Design Example Demonstration |
480 |
| Appendix C: LEO Constellation of Small SPS |
481 |
| Analysis of a simple constellation (coplanar case) |
482 |
| Factors driving the choice of the orbit |
487 |
| Advantages |
487 |
| 1- Design benefits |
487 |
| 2- Commercial benefits |
487 |
| 3- Adaptability |
488 |
| Disadvantages |
488 |
| 1- Spacecraft |
488 |
| 2- Rectenna |
488 |
| Conclusion |
488 |
| Appendix D: Atmospheric Tester |
489 |
| Design Example Proposal |
489 |
| Appendix E: Feasibility Study of Laser Technology in the Space to Space Demonstration |
491 |
| 1 Mission objectives |
492 |
| 2 Assumptions |
492 |
| 3 Requirements |
492 |
| 4 Mission Assessment |
492 |
| Laser power demand |
493 |
| Spacecraft subsystem dimensioning |
493 |
| Solar arrays |
493 |
| Launch cost analysis |
493 |
| Pointing accuracy and beam locking |
493 |
| Spacecraft concept |
494 |
| 5 Conclusions |
494 |
| Appendix F: The ASAP / Viking Near Term Demonstration |
495 |
| Purpose of “ad hoc” task group |
496 |
| Given Mission Goals |
496 |
| Selection Criteria |
496 |
| Proposed missions discussed by the “Ad hoc” group |
496 |
| Selected mission |
496 |
| Mission description |
496 |
| The Viking platform |
497 |
| The ASAP |
497 |
| The mission costs |
497 |
| Acknowledgements |
497 |
| Appendix G: Scheduling: Macproject II |
499 |
| Appendix H: Past and Current Space Solar Power Projects |
503 |
| 1. Big Projects (over 500kW) |
504 |
| Glaser's concept (1968) |
504 |
| NASA/DOE Reference System (1980) |
504 |
| DOE/NASA Solar Thermal Concept (1980) |
505 |
| General Dynamics/NASA study of lunar resources for satellite construction (1980) |
505 |
| Rockwell Post-Contract IR&D |
505 |
| Pioneering the Space Frontier: Report of the President's Commission on Space (1986) |
505 |
| Energy Storable Orbital Power Station (ESOPS) (1987) |
505 |
| The Synthesis Group Report |
505 |
| NASA Lunar Energy Enterprise Case Study (1989) |
506 |
| Earth to Space Transmission Concepts (1989) |
506 |
| Solar power satellites built of lunar materials (1985/1989). |
506 |
| SPS 2000 |
506 |
| Project SELENE (Space Laser Electric Energy) |
506 |
| 2. Smaller Projects I Demonstrations |
507 |
| Microwave Ionosphere Non-Linear Interaction Experiment (MINIX) (1983) |
507 |
| Russian SPS (TsNIIMash) |
507 |
| IGRE's 100kW demonstration project |
507 |
| SHARP |
507 |
| Microwave Energy Transmission in Space (METS) |
508 |
| Space Flyer Unit Energy Mission |
508 |
| Japan Power Satellite (JPSAT) |
509 |
| Demonstration of microwave power transmission in space (1991) |
509 |
| Eurospace Powersat Study (1992) |
509 |
| Appendix I: Questions to be Addressed |
511 |
| 1 Economic/Businss Issues |
512 |
| Cost and Economic Viability |
512 |
| Finance |
512 |
| Management and Organization |
513 |
| 2 Demonstration-Specific Issues |
513 |
| Cost of the demonstration program |
513 |
| Goals of the demonstration program |
513 |
| Early Commercial Use Issues |
514 |
| The Investigation of market opportunities |
514 |
| 3 Demonstration-Specific Issues |
514 |
| Cost of the demonstration program |
514 |
| Early Commercial Use Issues |
515 |
| The Investigation of market opportunities |
515 |
| The commercial viability of these markets |
515 |
| Large Scale Commercial Application |
516 |
| The commercial viability of these markets |
516 |
| Large Scale Commercial Application |
517 |
| 4 Political, Social, and Legal Issues |
518 |
| Public Concern I Perception |
518 |
| Legal Framework |
519 |
| 5 Technical Issues |
520 |
| 6 Environmental and Safety Aspects |
523 |
| Living Organisms |
523 |
| Others |
524 |
| Atmosphere |
524 |
| Rectenna |
524 |
| Launch Systems |
525 |
| Appendix J: Electric Propulsion Demo With Power Beaming for Orbital Transfer or Lunar Transfer Vehicle |
527 |
| Preliminary Idea |
528 |
| Launcher |
528 |
| Power Technology |
528 |
| Customer I User |
528 |
| Spacecraft Concept |
528 |
| Organization |
528 |
| Orbit |
529 |
| Time Scale and Deadline |
529 |
| Cost Target for Early Demos |
529 |
| References |
529 |
| Appendix K: Low-Cost Launch Technology Demo For Earth to Orbit Propulsion |
531 |
| Preliminary Idea |
532 |
| Launcher |
532 |
| Customer I User |
532 |
| Spacecraft concept |
532 |
| Organization |
532 |
| References |
532 |
| ISU '92 Faculty List |
533 |
| Back Cover |
536 |