| Cover |
1 |
| Title Page |
3 |
| Table Of Contents |
5 |
| List of Tables |
9 |
| TABLE IV-1. - A SUMMARY OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM(S) PARAMETERS |
30 |
| TABLE IV-2. - SUMMARY OF UNIT MASSES |
36 |
| TABLE IV-3. - MASS PROPERTIES SUMMARY |
38 |
| TABLE IV-4. - COST ESTIMATING RELATIONSHIPS |
56 |
| TABLE V-l. - ORBITAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS |
69 |
| TABLE V-2. - COLUMN/CABLE CONFIGURATION TYPICAL MAN LOADING |
70 |
| TABLE V-3. - TRUSS CONFIGURATION TYPICAL MAN LOADING (GEO CONSTRUCTION) |
71 |
| TABLE V-4.- TYPICAL PEAK STAFFING (LEO) FOR ANTENNA SUBARRAY FABRICATION |
72 |
| TABLE VI-1 - HLLV CANDIDATE ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS |
75 |
| TABLE VI-2. - HLLV CANDIDATE CONFIGURATION CHARACTERISTICS |
75 |
| TABLE VI-3.- HLLV COST ESTIMATES |
78 |
| TABLE VI-4. - OTV CANDIDATE THRUSTER CHARACTERISTICS |
82 |
| TABLE VI-5. - HLLV RANGE OF PROJECTED ESTIMATES |
90 |
| TABLE VI-6. - PLV RANGE OF PROJECTED ESTIMATES |
90 |
| TABLE VI-7. - COTV RANGE OF PROJECTED ESTIMATES |
91 |
| TABLE VI-8. - POTV RANGE OF PROJECTED ESTIMATES |
91 |
| TABLE VI-9. - RELATIVE TRANSPORTATION COSTS FOR SEVERAL SPS CONFIGURATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION LOCATIONS |
92 |
| TABLE VII-1. - SPS PROGRAM MODEL INPUTS, ASSUMPTIONS, AND GUIDELINES |
96 |
| TABLE VII-2. - PROGRAM MODEL SUMMARY FOR "COLUMN/CABLE" SPS IN GEO |
98 |
| TABLE VII-3. - PROGRAM MODEL SUMMARY FOR "TRUSS" SPS IN GEO |
100 |
| TABLE VI1-4. - PROGRAM MODEL SUMMARY FOR "TRUSS" SPS IN LEO |
102 |
| TABLE VIII-1. - ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON OF 1O-GW POWERPLANT OPERATIONS |
111 |
| TABLE IX-1, - NATURAL RESOURCE DEMANDS OF A 10-GW SPS COMPARED TO NATIONAL AND WORLD DEMANDS IN THE YEAR 2OQO |
114 |
| TABLE IX-2. - ENERGY PAYBACK OF A 10-GW SPS |
114 |
| TABLE XI-1. - DDT&E COST ESTIMATE SUMMARY |
129 |
| TABLE XI-2.- SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATES AND RELEVANT PARAMETERS FOR 1O-GW SPS |
129 |
| List of Figures |
11 |
| Figure I-1.- Study task structure. |
18 |
| Figure III-l.- Projections of U.S. electrical energy requirements and possible SPS implementation scenarios |
24 |
| Figure IV-1.- SPS functional description |
25 |
| Figure IV-2.- Estimated efficiencies of the various steps in the collection, conversion, and transmission process. |
27 |
| Figure IV-3.- Output power limits. |
28 |
| Figure IV-4.- Power density at rectenna. |
31 |
| Figure IV-5.- Eclipse geometry |
32 |
| Figure IV-6.- Example configurations. |
34 |
| Figure IV-7.- Solar power satellite total mass |
37 |
| Figure IV-8.- Solar concentrator. |
40 |
| Figure IV-9.- Solar cell blanket |
41 |
| Figure IV-10.- Gravity gradient torques. |
43 |
| Figure IV-11.- Counterweight location |
44 |
| Figure IV-12.- Antenna element |
48 |
| Figure IV-13.- Typical antenna distribution system |
49 |
| Figure IV-14.- Antenna primary structure |
50 |
| Figure IV-15.- Ball joint and drive concept |
51 |
| Figure IV-16.- Rectenna construction. |
53 |
| Figure IV-17.- Variation in ground de power output. |
54 |
| Figure IV-18.- Photovoltaic array cost projection. |
57 |
| Figure V-1.- Beam builder machine concept. |
59 |
| Figure V-2.- Typical SPS construction sequence - column/cable (POP). |
60 |
| Figure V-3.- Partial construction of column/cable configuration |
61 |
| Figure V-4.- Concept for solar cel 1/concentrator deployment. |
62 |
| Figure V-5.- Construction base concept for truss configuration |
63 |
| Figure V-6.- Typical SPS construction sequence - truss configuration |
64 |
| Figure V-7.- Construction base concept for column/cable configuration |
65 |
| Figure V-8.- Operational schematic of construction base (column/cable). |
68 |
| Figure VI-1.- Modified single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle |
76 |
| Figure VI-2.- Two-stage winged launch vehicle |
77 |
| Figure VI-3.- Two-stage ballistic launch vehicle. |
79 |
| Figure VI-4.- Personnel and priority cargo launch vehicle. |
81 |
| Figure VI-5.- LEO-to-GEO transfer time as a function of thrust/weight. |
83 |
| Figure VI-6.- Propellant burden contribution for high-thrust Og/Hz COTV |
85 |
| Figure VI-7.- Cargo orbital transfer vehicle (COTVg) characteristics |
86 |
| Figure VI-8.- Crew module concept. |
87 |
| Figure VI-9.- Crew rotation passenger module. |
88 |
| Figure VII-10.-Personnel orbital transfer vehicle (POTV|J characteristics. |
89 |
| Figure VII-1.- SPS mission scenario |
94 |
| Figure VII-2.- SPS mission management concept. |
104 |
| Figure X-l.- Space solar power projected program phasing. |
117 |
| Figure X-2.- System definition and exploratory technology phase activities |
118 |
| Figure X-3.- The relative merits of space solar power and other systems - coal, nuclear, solar terrestrial |
121 |
| Figure X-4.- Significant test activities, initial phase, July 1976 to July 1978 (partial listing) |
121 |
| Figure X-5.- Technology advancement phase. |
122 |
| Figure XI-1. - Cost Estimates |
127 |
| Figure XI-2.- SPS cost parametrics. |
130 |
| Figure XI-3.- Conventional and advanced power generation system costs. |
131 |
| Figure XI-4.- Terrestrial solar power. |
132 |
| Figure XI-5.- The 5-GW solar power tower concept with electrolysis cell/fuel cell energy storage |
133 |
| Figure XI-6.- The 5-GW solar photovoltaic-fuel cel1/electrolysis cell system. |
133 |
| Figure XI-7.- Terrestrial solar photovoltaic power cost for 5-GW plant |
134 |
| Figure XI-8.- Terrestrial solar thermal power cost for 5-GW power tower concept. |
135 |
| Figure XI-9.- Land area requirements for 5-GW plant |
136 |
| Figure XI-10.- Satellite cost breakdown |
137 |
| I. Introduction |
15 |
| II. Conclusions |
19 |
| III. Program Requirements |
23 |
| A. Projected Energy Demand |
23 |
| B. Implementation Scenarios |
23 |
| IV. Power Station |
25 |
| A. System Analysis |
26 |
| 1. Efficiencies |
26 |
| 2. MPTS/MRCS Analysis |
26 |
| 3. Orbit Considerations |
29 |
| 4. Configurations |
33 |
| 5. Mass Properties |
35 |
| B. Solar Energy Collection System |
39 |
| 1. Solar Array |
39 |
| 2. Power Distribution |
41 |
| 3. Structure |
42 |
| 4. Attitude and Orbit Control |
43 |
| 5. Instrumentation, Control, and Communications |
45 |
| 6. Maintenance Station |
45 |
| C. Microwave Power Transmission System |
46 |
| 1. Antenna Array |
46 |
| 2. Microwave Generators |
46 |
| 3 .Subarrays |
46 |
| 4. Phase Control |
47 |
| 5. Pointing Control |
47 |
| 6. Power Distribution |
49 |
| 7. Structure |
50 |
| 8. Rotary Joint |
50 |
| 9. Thermal Control |
52 |
| D. Microwave Reception and Conversion System |
52 |
| 1. Rectenna |
52 |
| 2. Grid Interface |
53 |
| E. Operations |
53 |
| F. Unit Costs |
55 |
| V. SPS Construction and Maintenance System |
59 |
| A. System Requirements and Analysis |
59 |
| B. Construction Base |
63 |
| 1. Construction and manufacturing facility |
64 |
| 2. Orbital construction and support equipmen |
66 |
| 3. Logistics facility |
66 |
| 4. Integration management facility |
66 |
| 5.Crew habitability facilities |
67 |
| C. Construction Operations |
67 |
| VI. Space Transportation Systems |
73 |
| A. Systems Requirements and Analysis |
73 |
| B. Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle |
74 |
| C. Personnel and Priority Cargo Launch Vehicle |
80 |
| D. Cargo Orbital Transfer Vehicle |
80 |
| E. Personnel Orbital Transfer Vehicle |
84 |
| F. A Summary of Projected Transportation System Characteristics |
89 |
| VII. Integrated Operations |
93 |
| A. Systems Requirements Analysis |
93 |
| B. Program Model |
93 |
| C. Mission Management Concept |
95 |
| D. Mission Management Functions |
95 |
| 1. Program Headquarters Mission Control |
95 |
| 2. Launch and Recovery Control |
104 |
| 3. LEO Operational Base Control |
105 |
| 4. GEO Operational Base Control |
105 |
| 5. SPS (Individual Unit) Ground Control |
106 |
| E. Key Considerations and Areas For Further Investigation |
106 |
| 1. Prelaunch, Launch, and Recovery Operations |
106 |
| 2. Space Manufacturing and Construction Options |
107 |
| 3. Operational Space Base Control Operations |
107 |
| 4. Simulation and Training Operations |
107 |
| 5. Safety in SPS Operations |
108 |
| VIII. Environmental Considerations |
109 |
| A. Methodology |
109 |
| B. Environmental Questions |
109 |
| C. Comparisons With Conventional Systems |
110 |
| IX. Manufacturing Capacity, Natural Resources, Transportation and Energy Considerations |
113 |
| A. Requirements |
113 |
| B. Manufacturing Capacity |
113 |
| C. Natural Resources |
113 |
| D. Surface Transportation |
113 |
| E. Energy Payback |
115 |
| X. Program Development Plan |
117 |
| A. Program Phasing |
117 |
| B. System Definition and Exploratory Technology Phase |
117 |
| C. Technology Advancement Phase |
122 |
| D. System Development |
123 |
| E. Program Costs |
123 |
| XI. Program Cost and Economic Analysis |
125 |
| A. Methodology |
125 |
| B. SPS Costs |
125 |
| C. Comparison With Conventional and Other Advanced Systems |
128 |
| D. Summary Remarks |
134 |