13 efficiency, and reduced emissions, though it is possible to reduce costs without mitigating GHG emissions of manufacturing. The resulting GHG emissions estimates were then compared to other renewable energy technologies. Figure 8. Calculations for SBSP GHG Emissions. Refer to Figure 6 for ConOps Phase activities. Results of the initial baseline cost and emissions estimates were assessed to identify cost and climate drivers. We then conducted sensitivity analyses to determine the effect of incremental changes in these drivers. 3.0 Results The study provides rough-order cost and GHG emissions estimates for the RD1 (Innovative Heliostat Swarm) and RD2 (Mature Planar Array) SBSP systems broken down by ConOps phase: Develop, Assemble, Operate, Maintain, and Dispose. Cost estimates for each ConOps phase by system are shown in Figure 9. For a detailed table of costs please see Appendix B. Both systems have a ~2 gigawatt (GW) capacity. The total estimated cost for each system is: RD1, $276B; and RD2, $434B. For both systems Maintain comprises over 50% of the overall cost. Assemble costs comprise about 25% of total cost for both systems. The most impactful cost element is launch, representing 71% and 77% of total cost for RD1 and RD2, respectively. Dispose, Develop and Operate are, in descending order, the next most expensive phases, but combined are less than Assemble for each reference design. The largest costs in Develop are for research and development (R&D), manufacturing and integration of all spacecraft hardware and systems, and program support services. Costs in Operate are primarily in the ground system; RD2 requires five ground rectennas where RD1 requires one. Dispose is unique in that it is the only ConOps phase where launch is included but is not the primary cost driver. For Dispose, the continuous operation of the Active Debris Removal (ADR) fleet for years is the largest cost.
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