40 Table 5. Analysis and Calculations Flow Decomposition and Element Fiscal Costs ConOps and Lifecycle Cost Calculation Lifetime Costs to Generating Electricity Climate Impact Calculations SBSP system has 6 functions: collect, convert, transmit, receive, convert, deliver. Aerospace decomposed the collection of subsystems that perform these six functions, then calculated fiscal costs according to a WBS structure. NASA OTPS validated the findings with their own model following the functional decomposition into 89 parameters. NASA OTPS arranged the 87 parameters into a ConOps to calculate the lifecycle cost to develop, assemble, operate, maintain, and dispose of the SBSP system. NASA OTPS calculated the lifetime costs to generate electricity using the cost of each ConOps phase. This data was used to estimate LCOEs for the baseline and sensitivity analyses. NASA OTPS performed an Economic Input Output Life Cycle Assessment using a mix of mass- and spendbased assessments. This data was used to estimate CO2 equivalent per kWh for the baseline and sensitivity analyses. Approach to Cost Calculations Functional Decomposition of SBSP Systems SBSP is assessed as having six functional steps, denoted by applicability to either in-space or ground-based segments. • Functional steps for the in-space segment encompass each system’s ability to: collect solar energy in space, convert solar energy to microwave radiation, and transmit microwave radiation to the Earth. • Functional steps for the ground-based segment refer to each system’s capacity to: receive microwave radiation at ground station rectenna, convert microwave radiation to electricity, and deliver electricity to the grid for use. To describe each functional step, we use a combination of 1) the 89 parameters (including WBS elements) developed by NASA OTPS and the Aerospace Corporation, 2) design reference parameters provided by or inferred from Mankins (Mankins, SPS-Alpha Mark-III and an achievable roadmap to space solar power, 2021), Sasaki (Sasaki, A new concept of solar power satellite: Tethered-SPS, 2006), and Pellegrino (Pellegrino, 2022), 3) efficiency losses provided by an authoritative public-private study (Rodenbeck, et al., 2020), and 4) independently verified calculations determined by the study team. The following summarizes determinations for all parameters in the six functional steps. For a breakdown of each parameter by its corresponding functional step, along with values for both design reference systems, please refer to Tables 6 and 7 below. From original panel sizes provided by Mankins and Sasaki, we applied the solar constant, as well as authoritative assessments of efficiency losses at each step, estimated by (Rodenbeck, et al., 2020). We normalized the outputs to 2 GW, which provided a "scaling factor" for each system. We evaluated each functional step through the lens of each system’s scaling factor—0.77 and 5 applied to the Innovative Heliostat Swarm and Planar Array, respectively. We based system design
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