a cost much lower than for operations in space. Only one, (6), is a recommendation for a study leading to a new operation in space. Even that is relatively inexpensive, because it would be entirely within the launchvehicle capacity of the space shuttle. The second approach comes from NASA (A18, A19, A20, and D7) and reflects their goal of developing a future space program that represents a balanced match between practical applications to "now"-type problems and evolutionary growth potential to future "dreams." Once the existence of massive space endeavors in the far future is acknowledged in a general way, it is possible to trace possible pathways of development back to the present. In thus establishing a "relevance tree" between far-future "dreams" and near-term realities and "pragmatisms," NASA is in a better position to identify major "stepping stones" which are useful in terms of contemporary benefits (short-term returns) while at the same time being relevant to future growth needs. This approach allows NASA to (1) give a larger purpose to near-term "tactical" and pragmatic activities and thus"re-introduce the dream" in our "now"-orientation; and (2) improve our ability to avoid deadend "branches" in our major plan-ing decisions. With respect to the O'Neill concept, NASA is continuing to support space colonization studies on a modest level, both in OSF and OAST. MSFC (Ref. A20) suggest the following specific development program. (1) Transportation The transportation elements required to support all phases of construction and colonization of a space habitat by the year 2000 are: Space Shuttle Large Lift ELV RNS (Solid Core) Lunar Logistics Tug RNS (Gas Core) Advanced Logistics Tug "Super" Shuttle The space shuttle is the vehicle currently under development by NASA. A
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