On the basis of these projections, it behooves us to do something more than just to work out ways of supplying more energy to consuming processes here on the Earth—or we may eventually boil in our own juices, so to speak. We must also ask the question—what energy-consuming systems can we move off of the Earth and into space so that we can both lower the energy needs on Earth as well as decrease the waste energy levels? The Department of Interior in the energy projections cited above breaks energy consumption down into (a) household and commercial, (6) industrial, (c) transportation, and (d) losses. Now, which ones can we eliminate into space? Well, we can't very well think of moving the household and commercial users of energy into space. We may certainly have space colonies, as Dr. O'Neill and others have proposed, but we just can't uproot people, homes, and businesses, with a one-way ticket to space—not until there is something out there for them to do and until they want to go. And we can't just transplant the transportation uses of energy into space and force us to go back to horses. If you think New York City has problems today, read about their problems at the turn of the century, removing almost 100,000 tons of equine waste matter from their streets every day-—-that is a different kind of pollution. They had it even then. But we can think about starting to relocate the industrial users into space, thereby lessening the 30-percent requirement industry has on energy consumption and, probably, lowering the energy losses at the same time. With all due respect to the integrity and sincerity of Department of Interior personnel who made these energy projections, I suggest that they were established on the basis of “closed system” Earth whose potential trials and tribulations have been so loudly proclaimed by Meadows and his colleagues in their celebrated study, “The Limits To Growth.” However, as Krafft Ehricke has pointed out, “The world is no more closed than it is flat.” Now, in the 10 days' time that I have had, Senator, to prepare this statement, I have not been able to generate a projection of the energy consumption of the United States for the year 2000 based upon any kind of rational scenario for space industrialization. But I believe— and this is just really honestly a gut-feeling opinion—that such a projection would show far less energy used for industrial processes here in the United States, and probably much less waste energy up the stack that we have to worry about. I feel qualified to make this educated guess because the relocation of industrial operations from the Earth's surface to the space environment is a subject on which I have dealt in detail in my book, “The Third Industrial Revolution.” I would like to state that more than a little credence was added to the book by the fact that Senator Goldwater was kind enough to write the introduction for it. We are already in the dawning years of the third industrial revolution, taking the first steps toward making things in space, the ultimate and optimum environment for industrial operations. It began with Apollo-8 and Soyuz-6, it continued through the Apollo flights, the
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