for a new development spacecraft or $27 million for an AE/DE derivative. The total program costs for the two approaches was $97 million and $36 million respectively. These were fiscal year 1982 dollars and thus would be somewhat higher today. These costs include mission operations costs for the minimum mission but do not include launch vehicle costs. A recent study by Orbital Sciences Corporation of a low cost Lunar orbiter came up with a spacecraft cost of $20 million in fiscal year 1985 dollars and a total program cost of $30 million (Ref. 10). Given the accuracy of preliminary cost estimation, this is not substantially different from the costs quoted above. The OSC estimates can be considered to corroborate the JPL estimate. Based upon these estimates it would appear reasonably safe to conclude that a simple Lunar polar orbiter could be built and flown for a total cost in the range of $40 million to $50 million exclusive of launch costs or costs of extended mission operations beyond the minimum mission. REFERENCES 1. A Primer in Lunar Geology, Ronald Greeley and Peter Schultz editors, NASA Ames Research Center, 1974 2. “On the Possible Presence of Ice on The Moon,” Kenneth Watson, Bruce C. Murray, and Harrison Brown, J. Geophysical Res. 66, p.1598, May 1961 3. “Water on the Moon,” James R. Arnold, Univ, of Calif. San Diego, presented at Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference, 16 March 1976 ■ 4. “The Behavior of Volatiles on the Lunar Surface,” Kenneth Watson, Bruce C. Murray, J. Geophysical Res. 66, p.3O33, Sept. 1961 5. “Prospects for Finding the Most Valuable Potential Resource on the Moon: Water,” P. M. Muller, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, presented at Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference, 16 March 1976 6. “Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment,” R. J. Phillips et al, Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report, NASA, 1972 7. “Commonality: A Multimission Gamma Ray Spectrometer,” Albert E. Metzger, Richard E. Parker, David A. Gilman, JPL Planetology Publication -326-80-57, 15 April 1980 8. “Lunar Volatiles Explorer,” J. R. French & A. E. Metzger, presented to Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, 23 June 1981 9. PAM-D/PAM-DII User’s Requirements Documents, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. 10. Personal communication, Orbital Sciences Corp. DIRECTORY Bibliographies: If you would like a copy of the SSI produced Space Bibliographies, send $2.00 with your request and address to SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540. Conference: To receive registration information for the 8th SSI/Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing please contact Ms. Barbara Faugh- nan, Conference Coordinator, SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540. Corporate Membership: For information regarding Corporate or Organizational Membership please contact Gregg Maryniak or Bettie Greber at the SSI Princeton office: P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540, or phone: 609-921-0377. Lectures: To book an SSI speaker contact the SSI office, 609-921-0377. Membership: To receive SSI Update bimonthly, send your name, address, and contribution to SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540. All contributions are tax-deductible, but to receive Update a gift of $25.00 or more is necessary. National Commission on Space Report: Pioneering the Space Frontier Copies of the report are available to SSI members for $11.00 each. Reprints of the six-page summary are available for 25c per copy, minimum 10 copies. Send your request, check, and address to SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540. Senior Associate Information: Contact Connie Tevebaugh, Senior Associate Coordinator, SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540 or call 609-921-0377 Slides: Slide Sets are available depicting Mass-Driver Research or Space Manufacturing. The cost of each set is $15.00 postpaid. Send name, address, set desired and check to SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540 Special Report on High Frontier® Research: Reprints are available for 25 cents per copy, min. 10 copies. Send your request, check, and address to SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540. Video productions by CSSS: for information write Larry Boyle, c/o SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08540. SSI Members Invited to Open House at JPL A Tradition of Discovery will be the theme of a public open house at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California to be held June 13-14, 1987 from 9 am to 5 pm. All JPL Offices and Divisions will participate with displays, exhibits, demonstrations, and presentations. Shuttle buses will run throughout Saturday and Sunday to move visitors to outlying sites with members of the Speakers’ Bureau on board buses to describe buildings and facilities along the route. The public will see presentations and multi-image productions about past, present, and future JPL deep space missions. Such missions as Voyager flights to Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus and Viking landings on Mars will be featured along with JPL’s future role in space. Souvenirs representing these space flights will be on sale. Cameras will be permitted. We hope you will be able to attend this rare event. The last major JPL open house was held in 1980. Facilities not normally accessible to the public will be open and many presentations will be made during the two days. Programs will be geared for the technically inclined, for children, and for the general public. For additional information about this open house program, please call the Public Education Office, JPL, 818-354-8594. LUNAR POLAR MISSIONS (continued from page 2) eliminating concerns about mass, a circumstance invariably conducive to staying on schedule and within cost. Should use of a larger spacecraft become desirable for programmatic or other reasons (e.g. ready availability) then PAM-DII definitely becomes the choice. However, a combined gamma ray and radar mission might demand a larger vehicle. Schedule The study of a single instrument spacecraft reported in Ref.8 indicated that a reasonable duration for such a project from start to launch would be two and one-half to three years. The development of the instrument to flight status is quite compatible with this sort of schedule since the technology is reasonably mature. For a project start date at the beginning of fiscal year 1988 (for example), the launch could take place during fiscal year 1990. This is a reasonable schedule based upon technology and program requirements. There are however a variety of regulatory and bureaucratic impediments which could delay the project beyond what might reasonably be expected. Costs The study reported in Ref. 8 quoted a cost for the spacecraft alone of $88 million
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