NASA. It should create links between the aerospace/lunar and materials/manufactur- ing sectors. Outward directed approaches, possibly using experience from the development of the lunar science community, should be considered. Net growth in space should be of high priority. Long-term commitment to off-Earth industry by NASA should be made. A program that could be started at 10 M$/year and increased to 1.2 B$/year (assuming growth of justifications) over an eight year period (somewhat like the Apollo buildup but much less expensive) might be appropriate. 1 would appreciate receiving your thoughts on extending industry and human presence permanently off Earth. REFERENCES I. D.R. Criswell, Human Roles in Future Space Operations, Acta Astronautica, X, 1161-1171, 1981. 2. H.E. Goeller and A.M. Weinberg, The Age of Substitutability, The American Economic Review, 68, 1-12, 1978, and Science, 191, 683-689. 3. A. Hurlich, Planet Earth's Metal Resources, American Soc. Metals, H1-H16, 1977. 4. B.J. Skinner, A Second Iron Age Ahead, American Scientist, 64, 258-269, 1976. 5. P.J. Kakela, Iron Ore: Energy, Labor, and Capital Changes with Technology, Science, 202, 1151- 1157, 1978. 6. W.S. Fyfe, The Environmental Crisis: Quantifying Geosphere Interactions, Science, 213, 105-213, 1981. 7. B. Hannon and J.R. Brodrick, Steel Recycling and Energy Conservation, Science, 216,485-491, 1982. 8. Executive Summary — staff report, The Geopolitics of Oil. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Science. 210, 1324-1327, 1980. 9. The Harvest, leaflet, The Space Foundation, Houston, TX, 1979. 10. B. Hannon, R.G. Stein, B.Z. Segal, and D. Serber, Energy and Labor in the Construction Sector, Science, 202, 817-847, 1978. 11. R.C. Constanza, Embodied Energy and Economic Valuation, Science 216, 1141-1143 and Letters to the Editor 210, 1219-1224, 1980. 12. G.H. Heichel, Agricultural Production and Energy Resources, American Scientist 64, 64-72, 1976. 13. J. Harte and M. El-Gasseir, Energy and Water, Science 199, 623-634, 1978. 14. W. Van Gool, Guest Comment, Physics Today, 9-11, 1978. 15. C.A. Berg, Process Innovation and Changes in Industrial Energy Use, Science 199, 608-614, 1978. 16. F.A. Laurmann, Market Penetration Characteristics for Energy Production and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Growth, Science 25, 896-898, 1979. 17. NASA SP 428, Space Resources and Space Settlements, p. 288, Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1978. 18. J.L. Hult, The Global Role of Antarctic Iceberg Exploitation, Iceberg Utilization, Proc. 1st Int. Conf., Ames, Iowa, A.A. Husseiny, ed., 29-31, 1977. 19. E.T. Hayes, Energy Resources Available to the United States, 1985 to 2000, Science 203, 233-244, 1979. 20. W. Hafele, A Global and Long-Range Picture of Energy Developments, Science 209, 174-182, 1980. 21. J.D. Isaacs and W.R. Schmitt, Ocean Energy: Forms and Prospects, Science 207, 265-273, 1980. 22. D.O. Graham (Lt. Gen., Ret), High Frontier: A New National Strategy, The Heritage Foundation, 1982. 23. G.K. O'Neill, (a) Space Colonization, Physics Today 27, 32, 1974; (b) Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth, Science 190, 943-947, 1975. 24. J. Simon, Resources, Population, Environment: An Oversupply of False Bad News, Science 210, 1431 and Letters, 210, 1296-1308, 1980. 25. D. Meadows and J. Forrester, “Limits to Growth.'' 26. P.E. Glaser, Solar Power from Satellites, Physics Today, 30-69 and Letters, 9-15 and 66-69, July 1977. 27. Space Manufacturing Facilities, Proc. 4th Princeton/AIAA Conf. May 14-17, 1979. (a) J.D. Mackenzie and R.C. Claridge, Glass and Ceramics from Lunar Materials, 135-147. (b) R.U. Ayres, L.W. Ayers and D.R. Criswell, Economic Considerations in Space Industrialization, 209-221. (c) R.D. Waldron, R.E. Erstfeld and D.R. Criswell, Overview of Methods for Extraterrestrial Materials Processing, 113-134. (d) E.H. Bock, Development of Space Manufacturing Systems Concepts Utilizing Lunar Resources, 391-405. (e) D.B.S. Smith, Design of a Space Manufacturing Facility, 407-413. (f) W.D. Carrier, III, Excavation Costs for Lunar Materials, 89-96. (g) LI. Inculet, Electrostatic Separation of Lunar Soil, 109-111.
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