psychologists, most anthropologists have a vastly expanded time perspective and also a sensitivity to social units ranging from very small groups to entire civilizations. Thus, anthropologists are very much in a position to deal with really long range problems, such as those associated with interstellar migration [6]. Recently, Connors, Harrison and Akins [9] outlined several steps that psychologists might take to gain credibility within the space programme. These steps, with only slight modifications, should be equally appropriate for anthropologists. The first step would be to promote a reasoned and sensible view on the role of cultural factors in spaceflight and the kinds of contributions that anthropologists might realistically be expected to make. The second step would be to bring the benefits of the most current anthropological thinking to bear on space anthropology issues. The third step would be to demonstrate technical and methodological ingenuity in order to overcome some of the political and logistical problems associated with doing research in spaceflight settings. Finally, the theoretical papers and research results need to be entered into the mainstream literature and not left to rot with other ‘unpublished reports'. Whatever its transient problems, the space programme deserves the very best, ‘state-of-the art' efforts from the social sciences. Perhaps anthropologists will achieve their potential when they participate in interdisciplinary teams of behavioural scientists doing research together on human habitability in space. The place to begin such studies may be on terrestrial analogs of space living, such as in the polar regions of this planet [19]. REFERENCES [1] Oberg, J.E. (1981) Red Star in Orbit (New York, Random House). [2] Cunningham, W. (1977) The All American Boys (New York, Macmillan), p. 27. [3] Wolfe, T. (1979) The Right Stuff (New York, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux). [4] Oberg, J.E. & Oberg, A.R. (1986) Living on the Next Frontier: Pioneering Space (New York, McGraw-Hill). [5] Oberg, A.R. (1985) Spacefarers of the 80s and 90s: The Next Thousand People in Space (New York, Columbia University Press). [6] Finney, B.R. & Jones, E.M. Eds. (1986) Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience (Berkley, CA, University of California Press). [7] National Commission on Space (1986) Pioneering the Space Frontier (New York, Bantam Books). [8] Christensen, J.M. & Talbot, J.M. (1986) A review of the psychological aspects of space flight, Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 57, pp. 203-212. [9] Connors, M.M., Harrison, A.A. & Akins, F.R. (1985) Living Aloft: Human Requirements for Extended Duration Spaceflight (Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, NASA SP 483). [10] Helmreich, R.L. (1983) Applying psychology to outer space: unfulfilled promises revisited, American Psychologist, 38, pp. 445-450. [11] Connors, M.M., Harrison, A.A. & Akins, F.R. (1986) Psychology and the resurgent space program, American Psychologist, August, 41, 8, pp. 906-913. [12] McKay, C.P., Ed. (1985) The Case for Mars II (San Diego, UNIVELT, American Astronautic Society, Science & Technology Series Vol. 62). [13] Clearwater, Y. (1987) NASA puts the frills back in flying, Air & Space, April/May, pp. 18-20. [14] Harrison, A.A. (1986) On resistance to the involvement of personality, social, and organizational psychologists in the US space program, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1, 3, pp. 315-324.
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