(2) The unique characteristics of extraterrestrial space will produce an extraterrestrial society and culture which will differ significantly from any found on Earth. Wherever there are people there is also culture and society. Together, culture and society constitute the uniquely human phenomenon that we call civilization; it enables humans to survive in a particular environment. Each civilization is, to some extent, a product of the environment in which it evolves. Since the extraterrestrial environment obviously differs from the terrestrial environment in significant respects, and since all Earth cultural traits are unlikely to be appropriate for life in space, it follows that many Earth cultural patterns which are carried into space by the workers will be modified or discarded, and new sociocultural patterns will develop to meet the exigencies of life in the extraterrestrial environment. Extraterrestrial culture and society will begin to evolve when fractional crew rotation creates social class differences in terms of new and old hands on the work crews. The old hands will have developed new and different sociocultural patterns that are passed along to the new hands through the socialization process. Eventually this complex of space-unique patterns will acquire a superordinate position with respect to the culture that any particular set of individuals brings to the space station at a given time; it will continue in existence, through subsequent crew rotations, and the sociocultural basis for an extraterrestrial civilization will have been laid. Futures Methodology The Delphi technique was used to collect data for this study. This is a method in which members of a panel of experts are provided with a list of stimulus events and asked to rank the events according to some predefined criteria. Panel members are unknown to each other and the list is in the form of a mailed questionnaire. After rankings are obtained from all panel members they are compiled and returned to the respondents for reconsideration and reranking; this compilation and ranking procedure is repeated for as many rounds as are necessary to achieve consensus, among the panel members, for final ranking of all events. The panel of experts consisted of individuals who possessed an ongoing interest in space activities and whose interest in space was largely obtained through informal selfstudy and reading. Included on the panel were an instructor of advertising, sociologists, Air Force officers, an architect, a professor of public administration, graduate students, an aerospace engineer, a man serving time in a Texas prison, businessmen, and several members of the interested public. All were readers of Extraterrestrial Society, the newsletter of the Niagara University Space Settlement Studies project, who responded to a request for panel volunteers in that publication. Initially the panel contained 20 respondents but the size decreased to 14 for the final round. Initial stimulus was a scenario which outlined one possible sequence of events through which a relatively small habitat (supporting 100 personnel) might be placed in LEO, followed by expansion to a larger habitat on the lunar surface. A physical description of the habitats, based upon preliminary NASA studies which were obtained by the author during a summer study project at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, was also provided. Respondents were asked to visualize themselves as living in the habitats and to identify those problematical aspects of life in space that might require sociocultural, rather than technological, fixes. Two hundred and forty-four desirable and undesirable situations were identified. These situations were grouped into two habitat categories, orbital habitat (space station) and lunar habitat (lunar base), and each category was subdivided into six areas of concern: interpersonal behaviour, sexual/marital factors, social control and devi-
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