structure is deemed desirable in space, it should be fostered consciously, not as an accident of architectural design. The possibility of a prison-like station environment was also raised by the panel and was deemed to be undesirable from the standpoint of morale, impact upon mission accomplishment, and job retention among space workers. Architectural designs intended to preclude this should be incorporated into space station planning. The panel deemed it desirable, with high priority concern, for architectural features deliberately to foster a thoroughly integrated social environment in the space station. Architectural design to achieve such a situation should be deliberately included in space station planning, and special consideration should be given to identification and elimination of design flaws that might interfere with, or preclude, such integration. Weightlessness is likely to foster conditions in which application of earthly cultural standards will create interpersonal tensions and communications difficulties or misinterpretations of meaning or intent. Facial expressions and bodily movements provide important non-verbal cues to verbal communications, but awareness and interpretation of these cues is contingent upon their use in a one-gravity environment where everyone shares a common vertical orientation. In weightlessness this common vertical orientation will be lacking and the meaning of facial expressions, or bodily movements, will be difficult to interpret. In addition to communication difficulties, bodily juxtapositioning is rigidly governed by Earth norms; extending one's feet toward another is largely regarded as a sign of disrespect, as is positioning one's posterior toward another person's face, and manipulating objects with the toes is commonly regarded as bizarre. Many cultural norms from Earth will be quite inappropriate in space and their retention is likely to result in interpersonal tensions or hostilities. The panel felt strongly that planning for the space station was unlikely to take sociocultural factors into detailed consideration and that communications misunderstandings and interpersonal tensions among space workers were, therefore, likely to be common. It was deemed desirable that planners incorporate an artificial ‘up' direction in the design of the space station in order to minimize communication and bodily juxtapositioning problems as well as to facilitate spatial orientation within the various chambers of the station. The human body evolved in a one-gravity environment and the uses of the lower limbs were determined by physiology and gravitational restraints; the primary function of the lower limbs came to be that of providing mobility. Cultural factors reinforced this primary function and this was reflected in wardrobes; shoes were developed to protect feet while they were put to use in their primary function. This protection, however, also placed limitations upon other uses to which lower limbs might be put. Physiologically, feet can be used for purposes other than mobility, but not while wearing shoes. One-gravity culture norms also reinforce the restricted use of lower limbs by providing rules about the uses to which feet can be put and social disapproval for other pedal extremity uses. In weightlessness, workers are free of the gravitational limitations upon the use of feet and legs, but they may not be free of the social and cultural restraints or of the restraints imposed by wardrobe designers within the scope of a one-gravity mind set. The panel believed that lower limbs must be used for purposes other than mobility, such as holding and securing objects, while mobility is provided through use of arms and hands. But panel members were not optimistic with respect to the probability that this would be taken into account in station planning. It was believed that planners would be bound by subconscious, one-gravity, norms in the design of wardrobes and
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