| Cover |
1 |
| Table of Contents |
3 |
| 1-1. Photovoltaic Space Power History and Perspective by EL Ralph |
5 |
| Summary |
5 |
| Background and History |
5 |
| Design Criteria |
7 |
| Solar Array Technology |
8 |
| Electrochemical Storage Technology |
10 |
| Summary |
11 |
| 1-2. Large Solar Array Design by Turner and Debrock |
13 |
| Summary and Introduction |
13 |
| Basic Design Concept for Large Area Solar Arrays |
13 |
| Concept Evolution and Hardware Development |
15 |
| Current Space Station Freedom Design |
20 |
| Solar Array Manufacturing |
21 |
| Conclusion |
23 |
| Acknowledgement |
24 |
| 1-5. Gallium Arsenide Technologies in Photovoltaic Conversion by Iles, Yeh & Ho |
25 |
| Summary |
25 |
| Introduction |
25 |
| Milestones in Technology Development |
25 |
| Advances in the 1970s |
25 |
| Air Force MANTECH Contract (‘High Efficiency GaAs Cells') |
26 |
| Parallel Production Efforts on GaAs Cells |
26 |
| Increased Efficiency GaAs Cells |
26 |
| Air Force Program (‘Rugged GaAs Solar Cells') |
26 |
| Interim Re-evaluation of GaAs/Ge Cells |
27 |
| Air Force MANTECH Program (‘Rugged, Thin GaAs Solar Cells') |
29 |
| Production of GaAs/Ge Cells |
29 |
| Current Trends |
30 |
| Conclusions |
31 |
| 1-8. Advances in Thin-film Solar Cells for Lightweight Space Photovoltaic Power by Landis, Bailey and Flood |
33 |
| Summary |
33 |
| 1. Introduction |
33 |
| 2. Survey of the Current State of the Art |
34 |
| Current Generation Technology |
34 |
| Next Generation Technology |
34 |
| 3. Thin-film Solar Cells |
35 |
| CdS/Cu2S |
38 |
| Copper Indium Selenide |
38 |
| Other I-III- VI2 Compounds |
39 |
| Cadmium Telluride |
40 |
| Amorphous Silicon |
40 |
| Thin Poly crystalline Silicon |
41 |
| 4. Radiation Tolerance of Thin-film Solar Cells |
41 |
| 5. Thin-film Cascades |
42 |
| Introduction |
42 |
| Experimental Results |
44 |
| Future |
46 |
| 6. Applications |
47 |
| System Applications and Missions |
48 |
| 7.Conclusions |
49 |
| Acknowledgements |
50 |
| Referencs |
50 |
| 1-9. High Voltage Solar Array Interacting with Ionospheric Plasma by Kuninaka, Nozaki and Kuriki |
53 |
| Summary |
53 |
| Nomenclature |
53 |
| 1. Introduction |
54 |
| 2. Similarity Law |
55 |
| 3. Experimental Simulation |
57 |
| Vacuum System and Plasma Source |
57 |
| Solar Array Models |
58 |
| Drag Measurement |
58 |
| Observation by Video Camera |
59 |
| Emissive Probe |
59 |
| 5. Experimental Results |
59 |
| Characteristics of Ion Current |
59 |
| Characteristics of Ion Drag |
61 |
| Measurement of Ion Sheath |
62 |
| Observation on Model Surface |
63 |
| 6. Discussion |
63 |
| Similarity Law |
63 |
| Estimation for 2D/HV Experiment |
64 |
| Potential Distribution |
65 |
| Luminosity on Insulator and Discharge |
66 |
| 7.Concluding Remarks |
70 |
| References |
70 |
| 2-7. Space Nuclear Power Systems for Extraterrestrial Basing by Lance and Chi |
71 |
| Summary |
71 |
| Lunar Base Power System Considerations |
71 |
| Lunar Exploration Systems for Apollo (LESA) |
71 |
| Comparison With Recent Lunar Base Studies |
72 |
| Solar Versus Nuclear Energy |
72 |
| Effect of Variables on Nuclear Power Systems |
75 |
| Effect of Variables on Logistic Burden |
76 |
| Recent Developments in NDR Nuclear System Design |
81 |
| Conclusions |
83 |
| Acknowledgements |
83 |
| References |
83 |
| 3-2. Space Power Thermal Energy Storage: Planned Experiments for Phase Change Material Tests in Microgravity by Weingartner, Blumberg and Lindner |
85 |
| Summary |
85 |
| Introduction |
85 |
| Technical Problems and Relevance of Microgravity |
86 |
| PCM/Void Distribution |
87 |
| Gravity Independent Convection |
89 |
| Phase Change Convection. |
90 |
| Wetting and Spreading Properties |
90 |
| Crystal Growth |
90 |
| Lack of Sedimentation |
90 |
| Drop Tower Experiments |
91 |
| Background |
91 |
| Experiment Description |
92 |
| Expected Results |
93 |
| Ballistic Flight Experiment |
94 |
| Background |
94 |
| Experiment Description |
95 |
| Expected Results |
95 |
| Spacelab Experiment |
95 |
| Background |
95 |
| Experiment Description |
95 |
| Expected Results |
96 |
| Comparison and Summary |
97 |
| Alternatives |
97 |
| Cost and Profit |
97 |
| Conclusions |
98 |
| References |
98 |
| 4-1. Solar Dynamic Power for Space Station Freedom by Labus, Secunde & Lovely |
99 |
| Summary |
99 |
| Summary of SD Power Module |
99 |
| Introduction |
100 |
| The SD Power Module |
101 |
| Performance Requirements |
101 |
| SD Principles of Operation |
102 |
| Description of SD Power Module and Its Components |
103 |
| Concentrator |
104 |
| Receiver |
106 |
| Power Conversion Unit |
107 |
| Heat Rejection Assembly |
109 |
| Electrical Equipment Assembly |
110 |
| Beta Gimbal |
111 |
| Interface Structure |
111 |
| Technology Base |
111 |
| On-orbit Assembly |
112 |
| Concluding Remarks |
114 |
| Acknowledgements |
116 |
| References |
116 |
| 5-3. NERVA-Derivative Reactor Technology— A National Asset for Diverse Space Power Applications by Weitt, Chi and Livingston |
117 |
| Introduction |
117 |
| Description of the NDR |
117 |
| The Fuel Element |
118 |
| The Support Element |
119 |
| Redundant, Diverse, Engineered Safety Features |
120 |
| Redundant, Inherent Passive Nuclear Safety Capabilities |
120 |
| Diverse Space Power Applications |
121 |
| Burst Power |
121 |
| Bimodal Power Systems |
121 |
| Steady State Power |
122 |
| Direct Thermal Propulsion |
122 |
| Dual Mode |
122 |
| Ground-based Testing |
122 |
| Development Testing |
123 |
| Qualification Testing |
123 |
| Acceptance Tests |
125 |
| Conclusions |
126 |
| Acknowledgement |
126 |
| References |
126 |
| 5-4. The Future of Closed Brayton Cycle Space Power Systems by Harper, Pietsch & Baggenstoss |
127 |
| Introduction |
127 |
| Past |
127 |
| Present |
131 |
| Future |
135 |
| References |
138 |
| 5-7. Free-piston Stirling Technology for Space Power by Slaby |
139 |
| Summary |
139 |
| SPDE Summary |
139 |
| Introduction |
139 |
| Need for Space Power |
140 |
| Advanced Stirling Technology |
141 |
| Completion of SPDE Testing |
142 |
| Supporting Research and Technology |
146 |
| SSE Engine |
146 |
| Loss Understanding |
148 |
| Concluding Remarks |
149 |
| References |
149 |
| 6-5. Considerations of Power Conversion Techniques in Future Space Applications by Jain, Bottrill and Tanju |
151 |
| Summary |
151 |
| 1 Introduction |
151 |
| 2 Elements of Future Spacecraft Power Systems |
152 |
| 2.1 Efficiency |
153 |
| 2.2 Mass |
154 |
| 3 DC/AC Inverter Systems |
154 |
| 3.1 Design Driving Factors |
154 |
| 3.2 Control Methods |
155 |
| 3.3 DC/AC Resonant Inverter Topologies |
158 |
| 3.4 A Discussion on DC/AC Resonant Inverter Topologies |
165 |
| 3.4.1 Parallel-resonant Inverter |
165 |
| 3.4.2 Series-Parallel Resonant Inverter |
166 |
| 3.4.3 Hybrid Resonant Inverter |
166 |
| 4 DC/DC Converter Systems |
167 |
| 4.1 Design Driving Factors |
167 |
| 4.2 Control Techniques |
168 |
| 4.2.1 Variable Frequency Control |
168 |
| 4.2.2 Pulse Width Modulation Control |
168 |
| 4.3 DC/DC Resonant Mode Converter Topologies |
168 |
| 4.3.1 Series-resonant Converter Topology |
169 |
| 4.3.2 Parallel-resonant Converter Topology |
170 |
| 4.3.3 Series-Parallel Resonant Converter Topology |
171 |
| 4.4 A Discussion on DC/DC Resonant Converter Topologies |
172 |
| 4.4.1 Series-resonant Converter |
172 |
| 4.4.2 Parallel-resonant Converter |
173 |
| 4.4.3 Series-Parallel Resonant Converter. |
173 |
| 5 AC/DC Converters |
173 |
| 5.1 A New Class of AC/DC Converter |
176 |
| 5.1.1 Type-1 Converter |
176 |
| 5.1.2 Type-2 Converter |
176 |
| 6 Conclusions |
176 |
| DC/AC Inverters |
177 |
| DC/DC Converters |
178 |
| AC/DC Converter |
178 |
| Acknowledgements |
178 |
| References |
179 |
| 7-4. Central-station Electric Power for Spacecraft by Grey and Dwschamps |
181 |
| Summary |
181 |
| Space Power Generation |
181 |
| Energy Sources |
181 |
| Power Conversion |
183 |
| Radiators |
184 |
| Power Conditioning and Energy Storage |
185 |
| Power Conditioning |
185 |
| Energy Storage |
185 |
| Power Transmission in Space |
186 |
| Tethers |
187 |
| Microwaves |
187 |
| Submillimeter Waves |
189 |
| Lasers |
189 |
| System Aspects |
190 |
| Orbital Constraints |
191 |
| Type of Demand. |
192 |
| User Spacecraft Constraints |
193 |
| Schedule. |
193 |
| Costs. |
196 |
| References |
197 |
| 8-4. Optimization of Lanthanum Hexaboride Electrodes for Maximum Thermionic Power Generation by Ramalingam & Morgan |
201 |
| Summary |
201 |
| Introduction |
202 |
| Description of Apparatus |
203 |
| Diminiode Construction |
203 |
| Experimental Setup |
205 |
| Testing Procedure |
207 |
| Results and Discussions |
208 |
| Cesium Reservoir Temperature Optimization |
208 |
| Empirical Relationship Between Power Density and Output Voltage for Cesium Reservoir Temperature Optimization |
210 |
| Collector Temperature Optimization |
213 |
| Emitter Temperature Optimization |
214 |
| Second Stage Optimization |
216 |
| Conclusions |
217 |
| Acknowledgements |
218 |
| References |
218 |
| 8-5. Reliability and Single Point Failure Design Considerations in Thermionic Space Nuclear Power Systems by Knnel, Perry and Donovan |
221 |
| Introduction |
221 |
| Discussion |
222 |
| Conclusions |
225 |
| References |
225 |
| 8-7. Ultrahigh Temperature Vapor Reactor and Magneto Conversion for Multi-megawattSpace Power Generation by Diaz, Anghaie, Dugan and Maya |
227 |
| 1.0 Introduction |
227 |
| 2.0 Ultrahigh Temperature Vapor Reactor-MHD Power Plants: Technical Features |
228 |
| 2.1 Reactor Outlet Temperature |
229 |
| 2.2 Energy Conversion |
230 |
| 2.3 Radiator |
231 |
| 2.4 Fuel and Working Fluid |
232 |
| 2.5 Ultrahigh Temperature Magneto Energy Conversion |
235 |
| 3.0 Conclusions and Future Direction |
236 |
| Acknowledgements |
237 |
| 8-8. A High Specific Power Aneutronic Space Reactor by Norwood, Nering, Maglich and Powell |
239 |
| Summary |
239 |
| 1. Introduction |
239 |
| 2. The Migma Concept |
240 |
| 3. Energy Balance in a Migma Reactor |
242 |
| 4. Migma System Mass Estimates |
245 |
| 5. The Exyder Concept |
248 |
| 6.Conclusions |
257 |
| References |
257 |
| Back Cover Contents |
260 |