The growth in the usable specific energy, considering depth of discharge and life of the systems used in the past and those projected for geostationary and planetary type of missions, is given in Fig. 9. The A-B-C curve represents the use of Ni-Cd missions and the G-H curve represents the growth in Li-TiS2 use for small power systems such as Mars Rover and Mariner mark II. The D-E-F curve represents the projected growth in Ni-H2. The I-J curve represents the projected growth in Na-S battery use for large systems such as HST and Space Station where the Li(Al)-FeS2 molten salt system would be applicable. Conclusion The four types of lithium rechargeable cells described in this paper are receiving attention as future candidates for a number of applications. Significant progress has been made in several of the technologies described above. Much scientific work is still required to find solutions to the technical issues. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge the support of the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology, Code RP, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. This work has been carried out under the auspices of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under Contract NAS 7-918. The authors wish to acknowledge the work of the technical staff in the Electrochemical Power Group who have been responsible for technology understanding and enhancement. REFERENCES [1] Halbert, G., Subbarao, S. & Rowlette, J. (1986) The NASA Aerospace Battery Safety Handbook, JPL Publication 86-14, July 15. [2] Abraham, K.M. (1981-2) Status of rechargeable positive electrodes for ambient temperature rechargeable batteries, J. Power Sources 7, p. 1. Tudron, F. (1987) Rechargeable lithium inorganic and organic batteries: an overview of activity in the battery industry, 3rd International Seminar on Lithium Battery Technology and Applications, Deerfield Beach, FA, March 1986. Subbarao, S., Shen, D., Deligiannis, F., Halbert, G. & Huang, C-K. (1989) Ambient temperature secondary lithium batteries for space applications, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Long Beach, CA, January. [3] Gauthier, M. et al. (1987) Recent progress in the development of rechargeable lithium batteries used on polymer electrolytes, in: Dey, A.N. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Lithium Batteries, Vol. 87-1 (Pennington, NJ, Electrochemical Society). Gauthier, M. (1987) Keynote Lecture, 1st International Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes, St Andrews, Scotland, June. [4] Owens, B. (1988) Ambient Temperature Lithium Battery Technology Assessment, Final Report to EPRI, August. Schlaijker, C. (1988) Li-SO2 Rechargeable Batteries, 4th International Rechargeable Battery Symposium, Deerfield Beech, FA, p. 271, March 1987. Chang, O.K., Hall, J.C., Phillies, J. & Silvester, L.F. (1988) Lithium rechargeable cells using inorganic electrolytes, Proceedings of the 33rd International Power Sources Symposium, June, p. 55 (Pennington, NJ, Electrochemical Society). [5] Kaun, T.D. (1986) An advanced lithium-aluminum/iron disulfide secondary cell, Proceedings of the 32nd International Power Sources Symposium, 32, p. 16, Cherry Hill, NJ. Kaun, T.D., Hollyfield, T.F., Nigohosian, N.F. & Nelson, P.A. (1988) Development of overcharge tolerance in Li/FeS and Li/FeSj cells, ECS Symposium on Materials and Processes for Lithium Battery. Kaun, T.D., Hollyfield, T.F. & DeLuca, W.H. (1988) Lithium/disulfide cells capable of long cycle life, ECS Symposium on Materials and Processes for Lithium Batteries, Fall.
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