where 9 is the scan angle (0=0 indicates the normal to the antenna) and Aw is the frequency difference between the pilot signal and the retransmitting wave. An exact phase conjugate circuit (PCC) was invented by Chernoff [13] in order to avoid the above pointing error. An n-fold phase ambiguity may occur due to dividing by n in the PCC, but this ambiguity can be removed if the PCC output frequency is multiplied by a multiple of (n —2). This in turn introduces complications in the PCC circuits. One of the main objectives of the METS project has been to develop a new simple PCC with no ambiguity. Microwaves and Plasmas The effects of the microwave on the space plasma environment are not negligible. If the intensity of the microwave were on the order of that used in standard communication, little effect would be expected since the characteristic frequencies of the
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