Conclusions Solar cells provide one option for providing power on the surface of Mars, both for unmanned precursor missions and for a manned base. Several types of photovoltaic technologies are available. Analyses of the applicability of solar power to Mars shows that photovoltaic power should be feasible, however, many questions remain to be answered, and development work on the solar cells, the array technology, and the technology for providing electrical storage for night operation will need to be done. REFERENCES [1] J. Appelbaum and G.A. Landis, (1991) "Solar Radiation for Mars Power Systems," European Space Power Conference, 2-6 Sept., Florence, Italy; proceedings published as volume ESA SP-320. [2] G.A. Landis and J. Appelbaum, (1990) "Design Considerations for Mars PV Power Systems," 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., May, Vol. 2, 1263- 1270. [3] J. Appelbaum and D. Flood, (1989) "Solar Radiation on Mars," Solar Energy Vol. 45 No. 6, 353-363 (1990). Also available as NASA Technical Memorandum 102299. [4] D. Kaplan, (1988) Environment of Mars 1988, NASA Technical Memorandum 100470. [5] P.M. Stella and D.J. Flood, (1990) "Photovoltaic Options for Solar Electric Propulsion," NASA Technical Memorandum 103284. [6] J.C.C. Fan, C.O. Bozler and R.W. McClelland, (1981) Thin Film Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells," Proc. 15th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 666-672. [7] G.A. Landis AND A.F. Hepp, (1989) "Thin-Film Photovoltaics: Status and Applications to Space Power," European Space Power Conference, 2-6 Sept. 1991, Florence, Italy; proceedings published as volume ESA SP-320. An earlier version of this paper is published in Space Power, Vol. 8, No. 1-2, 31-50. [8] I. Weinberg, C.K. Swartz, and R.E. Hart, (1989) "Radiation and Temperature Effects in Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide, and Silicon Solar Cells," NASA Technical Memorandum 89870. [9] B.D. Hibbs, (1989) "Mars Rover Feasibility Study, Final Report," AeroVironment, Inc., Report AV-FR-89/7011 (Oct.). [10] A.J. Colozza, (1990) "Preliminary Design of a Long-Endurance Mars Aircraft," NASA Contractor Report 185243 (A-4A 90-2000), April. [11] B. I. McKissock, LL Kohout and P.C. Schmitz, (1990) "A Solar Power System for an Early Mars Expedition," NASA Technical Memorandum 103219, Aug. [12] D. Baker AND R.M. ZUBRIN, (1990) "Mars Direct: Combining Near-Term Technologies to Achieve a Two-launch Manned Mars Mission," J. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. Vol. 43, 519-523. [13] R.M. ZUBRIN, D.A. Baker, and O. Gwynne, (1991) "Mars Direct: A Simple, Robust, and Cost Effective Architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative," AIAA Paper 91-0326.
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