into ourselves. Beyond this, space exploration has ramifications for philosophy and ethics. The observation of Earth holistically, as a global entity; the absorption of the context of the Earth, that is, space and all it holds; the experience of other planets in comparison to our own; all of these are bound to alter the way that we look at our planet [26, 51]. The astronauts may feel the full impact of the first-person exposure, but we will be able to share the overview, if not quite with the immediacy and power with which they will experience it [26]. It is worth noting that the environmental movement has adopted the view of Earth as seen from space as one of their predominant images, along with slogans such as "Good planets are hard to find." Seeing the planet as a "Gestalt" may, as White points out, lend powerful emotional support to the philosophical view that all things on our Earth are related to one another, and that one has an obligation to take care of our environment - not just as a matter of practicality, but as a matter of philosophy, or ethics [26], Implications of Third Force Psychology for Mission Design Imagine a centigrade thermometer that measures psychological and social functioning rather than temperature. Above the zero point, we find people who enjoy life, who engage in activities that they find interesting and challenging, who are continually developing their skills, building strong interpersonal ties, and self actualizing. The zero point stands for neutrality: no psychological problems, no interpersonal conflicts. Proceeding below the zero point, we find increasingly severe forms of maladjustment, beginningwith the faintest touches of subjective discomfort, inefficiency, and troubled interpersonal relations, and extending downwards to increasingly formidable disorders. Traditionally, psychological interventions such as psychotherapy are intended to induce movement within the minus range of this gauge: to prod maladjusted people upwards toward the zero point, proclaiming a cure when symptoms are eliminated. Third force psychologists argue that this is but one half of the psychologist's job. The other part is moving clients to higher and higher levels within the positive range. From the third force perspective we must arrange conditions so that people, including spacefarers, are more than "o.k." Personnel As Suedfeld has stressed, there are individual differences in people's perceptions of spaceflight and spaceflight-like conditions [30,31], We need to identify the predispositions and propensities that make spaceflight stressful for one person but challenging and fun for another. That is, we need to identify the personality factors that mediate between the objective realities of spaceflight and psychological responses. Self-selection, or letting people choose to participate (or not participate) helps, but we still need ways to separate those who think that they can make a contribution from those who will actually do so. (All too often vocational choices are based on a faulty understanding of oneself, of the work, or both.) Relevant personality characteristics are not always self-evident; for example, people who are into
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