adventure, sensation-seeking and risk-taking may be rather bad bets (too likely to get evetybody in trouble) and extremely fit, athletic types may not adapt well to prolonged confinement in cramped quarters. Suedfelt hypothesizes that psychological hardiness, a "means" as well as "ends" orientation, a high sense of control, and high self-confidence foster adaptation to space [31], Other promising predictors include self-sufficiency, ability to tolerate intimacy, trust, optimism, assertiveness, self-monitoring, ego-strength, and intelligence [37], The actual utility of these predictors needs to be established through painstaking research. Many astronaut candidates will make major commitments to the space program and undergo substantial training only to be eliminated shortly before the mission. For example, one selection strategy for a Mars mission is assembling several complete crews, testing them as teams, and then sending only the best-performing team to the red planet. It is important to find useful space-related work for the highly committed and well trained crews that are not chosen for the mission [52], Environmental Design After selection for a Gemini mission, astronaut Michael Collins received, as a joke gift, a garbage can with two tiny Gemini-style windows painted on the side [27], Although spacecraft have improved substantially since those days, they remain rather cramped, austere affairs, survivable (perhaps) but not terribly attractive for extended stays in space [2, 15, 53, 54]. A clear influence of third-force psychology appears in the work of architect-psychologist Wolfgang Preiser [55] who identifies three levels of habitability, roughly modeled after a needs classification scheme first proposed by Maslow [21], At the bottom of Preiser's pyramid is the health, safety and security level. Second comes the functional and task performance level. At the top of the pyramid is the psychological comfort and satisfaction level. Engineering habitability at that highest level, the level of psychological comfort and satisfaction, is intended to promote self-actualization. Goals include comfortable, aesthetically pleasing environments that afford privacy, territorial integrity, access to valued resources, and expressions of individuality. From the perspective of psychologists who stress people's self-direction and ability to satisfy their own needs, space habitat designs should provide an array of options and opportunities. For example, some areas should be private (to allow occupants "down time" and to get "off stage") whereas others should make it possible for subgroups or the entire crew to socialize. Design features should make it possible to regulate levels of stimulation, increasing environmental complexity under conditions of boredom but decreasing stimulation under overload conditions. A generous availability of windows and viewing ports is another positive design feature. Throughout the history of the space program there has been strong resistance to including windows [27,56]. Engineers found windows objectionable because they are points of structural weakness, and it was only through the strenuous protests of the astronauts themselves that windows were included in
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTU5NjU0Mg==