factors the types of jobs created in these industries are relatively low skilled and pay relatively low wages. Nevertheless, it is important to note that NASA procurement spending generates large numbers of jobs in industries not usually associated with the Space Program or the aerospace sector, and that workers employed in these industries have an important stake in the U.S. Space Program - even though they are unaware of it. In fact, as Table 1 shows, 1987 NASA procurement spending created more jobs in Wholesale and Retail Trade than it did in the Communications Equipment industry, and it generated more employment in Transportation and Warehousing than in the Electronic Components industry. Table 3 shows the employment created by NASA procurement disaggregated among 115 occupations selected from the 475 occupations for which job requirements were estimated. This table shows that, as expected, the jobs created are disproportionately for technical, skilled, and specialized occupations. Thus, 1987 NASA procurement spending created jobs for 14,000 Engineers (seven percent of total employment created), including 2,800 Aeronautical engineers (4.5 percent of the total employed in private industry), 4,500 Electrical Engineers (1.2 percent of the total employed in private industry), 2,300 Accountants, 340 Chemists, 1,000 Lawyers, 900 Designers, 4,000 Engineering Technicians, 900 Computer Systems Analysts, 1,800 Industrial Machinery Repairers, 2,300 Carpenters, 1,300 Sheetmetal Workers, 3,000 Machinists, and 2,100 Welders. However, Table 3 also demonstrates that the Space Program generates substantial jobs for virtually all categories of workers. In fact, the 1987 NASA procurement budget created more jobs (3,200) for Bookkeepers than for Aeronautical Engineers, it created more jobs (6,800) for Secretaries than for Electrical Engineers, more jobs (400) for Personnel and Labor Relations Workers than for Chemists, more jobs (2,500) for Cashiers than for Accountants, more jobs for Shipping Clerks (1,100) than for Designers, more jobs (1,200) for Guards than for Computer Systems Analysts, more jobs (5,200) for Truck Drivers than for Machinists, and more jobs for Janitors (3,000) than for Welders. This again illustrates the pervasive nature of the economic and employment impacts of the Space Program. The Effects on Each State One of the more important questions about the economic effects of the Space Program that must be resolved is how the benefits are distributed among the states. Obviously, the states of Florida, Alabama, and Texas contain major NASA facilities and benefit substantially from Agency programs, and so also does California, due to the concentration of the aerospace industry in the southern part of the state. But how are the indirect economic benefits of the NASA programs distributed among these and other states? Does the U.S. Space program have significant effects on most states or are the benefits concentrated in only a relatively few? These types of questions have not heretofore been adequately answered.
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