Energy in ASEAN: An Outlook Into the 21s* Century A. ARISMUNANDAR & P. DUPUIS1 Introduction The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed in Bangkok in 1967 by five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. A sixth nation, recently independent Brunei Darussalam, recently joined the association in 1984. These six countries are situated along the equator in Southeast Asia. While Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia are located on the southeastern tip of mainland Asia, the other countries are archipelagoes. These countries cover a total land area of approximately 3.1 million square kilometres with a total population of 303 millions in 1987. The region is as diverse in the geographical distribution of population and resources as its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which varies from $ 15.422 in Brunei Darussalam to $590 in Philippines (Table 1). Energy consumption per capita is highest in Singapore (4.46 toe) which is nearly twenty times that of Indonesia (0.230 toe). The region’s proved fossil fuel reserves are given on Table 2. In 1990, proven oil reserves were estimated at 13.3 billion bbl, gas reserves 146.6 trillion cubic meters and coal reserves 7 billion tonnes of bituminous coal and almost 20 billion tonnes of lignite. The reserves, respectively would last more that 100 years. * Ministry of Mines and Energy, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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