The ASEAN coal reserves are estimated at about 27 billion tonnes, comprising 75 per cent lignite and brown coal, about 20 per cent anthracite and 5 per cent bituminous coal. Assuming an average calorific value of 4500 kcal/kg the coal reserves represent about 12 billion mtoe. The bulk of these reserves are located in Indonesia. The ASEAN region also has vast peat deposits, estimated as about ten times the total coal deposits. The development of indigenous energy resources is a common policy to all ASEAN countries since the 1972 oil price shocks. This is reflected in the intensified efforts on oil, coal and gas exploration and development. The renewable energy resources of this region are also large (Table 3). The estimated total hydropower potential is estimated at 119 GW, capable of an annual energy generation of about 500 TWh. However the harnessing of these potentials has been impended by an incompatible geographical distribution between hydropower resources and load centres. Most of these resources are in Irian Jaya and Kalimantan where electricity consumption is presently insignificant. ASEAN is also one of the world’s largest geothermal areas. Although the geographical distribution is more favourable compared with that of hydropower, the geothermal installed capacity is still small because the capital cost of developing the resources is relatively high. Energy Demand Analysis of Energy Demand and Elasticity A principal concern of this analysis is the extent to which countries have adjusted to perturbations in the energy environment. A prerequisite for analysis of that question is a model of what form the behaviour of countries might have been in the absence of the perturbation. The simplest model of any merit which relates energy use to total economic output involves a single income elasticity. On a national basis this would be written: Country Hydropower Geothermal Indonesia 75.000 MW 10.000 MW or 400 THW 70 THW Malaysia 25.000 MW or 90 THW Philippines 10.000 MW 6.000 MW or 40 THW Thailand 9.000 MW Table 3. Hydropcwer and Geothermal Resources.
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