500,000 VDC from 80,000-ft.-high "Sea" or "Carpet" Suppose voltage on "sea" or "carpet" is stepped up to 500,000 Vdc. Then Or, 27,100 Amps are sent down the "Beanstalk" via 500,000 Vdc (electric pressure), to carry about 1010 Watts full solar-cell power output, accounting for reasonable estimated transformer/rectifier/transmission losses as well as calculated resistance losses. Resistance Loss In (16-Mile) Copper Umbilical From 80,000 Ft. Altitude Fractional power loss due to conduction rod resistance therefore is 3.7%. This seems to be a supportable loss fraction in the proposed "beanstalk" system for transmission of earth-satellite-collected-and-handled solar energy, to the ground below. To calculate the maximum steady-state temperature of the copper Beanstalk umbilical, a conservative estimate would be based on the radiative cooling only, neglecting convection (which is significant at lower altitudes). For purposes of efficient, optimum radiative and convective cooling, presume the umbilical (rods) assembly is mounted exposed, aligned vertically, just outside the leading or trailing edge respectively of the respective balloon wing units. Power dissipated by a radiative surface (such as the total Beanstalk umbilical surface area) of area A and absolute temperature, T, is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann equation [35]: Optical Interpretation Of Li's Development Of "Zero-G Epihydrostatics" Final development of the ultimate general mathematical tool of "zero-gravity epihydrostatical optics", is due to a treatment by Dr. Tai Li [6]. The following development
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