Ionizing Radiation Risks to SPS Workers

Cover	1
Title Page	3
Foreward	5
Contents	7
Summary	9
Scope	9
Environment	9
Radiation Dose	10
Health Risk Assessments	10
Conclusions	11
Recommendations	12
1. Introduction	13
Background	13
The Space Environment	13
2. Reference System Evaluation	15
Estimated Absorbed Doses and Does Equivalents In SPace WOrkers	16
Low Earth Orbit	16
Transfer Ellipse	16
Geosynchronous Orbit	16
Total 90-Day Dose Equivalent	19
Assessment of Risk For Cancer Induction	19
3. Conclusions and Recommendations	22
Health Risk Assessments	22
Conclusions	22
Recommendations	23
Appendix A: Space Radiation Environment	25
Trapped Electrons	25
Bremsstahlung	27
Trapped Protons	27
Galactic Cosmic Rays	28
Solar Particle Events	32
Different Effects of High- and Low-LET Radiations	32
Quality Factor	32
Appendix B: Radiation Health Effects in the Space Environment	36
Early Effects	36
Late Effects	37
Cancer	39
Uncertainties in Dose-Response Relationships for Radiation-Induced Cancer	40
Estimation of Space Radiation Induced Carcinogenic Risk in Man	42
Genetically Related Ill-Health	46
Developmental Abnormalities in the Newborn	46
Effects on the Eye	47
Cataract	47
Fertility	48
Female	48
Male	48
Other Health Effects of Radiation	49
HZE Particle Radiation Effects	49
Appendix C: Glossary	51
References	56

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