Clearlv. Therefore, the second term in (A12) can be approximated by It suffices to consider only the phase error with respect to the reference element’s contribution to the signal received at the pilot source. Thus (A12) is simplified to The first term of (A14) represents the "differential doppler" effect, i.e., the phase error due to the radial component of the motion of the other elements with respect to the reference element. The second term of (A14) is the phase error due to the radial velocity, [] , of the reference element with respect to the pilot source. Thus the second term represents only translatory motion while the first represents the rotation, nutation, vibration, etc. of the ARA. If the ARA is planar, the second term causes a pointing error. To see this, consider Figure 10. Let the distance between the kth and reference elements be Ihen
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